利用农业废弃物制备环境友好型包膜缓释材料的研究  

Research on the preparation of environment-friendly coated slow-release materials from agricultural wastes

作　　者：张佳慧 邹洪涛[1] 苏沛瑶 韩艳玉[1] ZHANG Jia-hui;ZOU Hong-tao;SU Pei-yao;HAN Yan-yu(College of Land and Environment,Shenyang Agricultural University,Northeast Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Conservation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer,Shenyang Liaoning 110866)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,农业农村部东北耕地保育重点实验室,土肥高效利用国家工程研究中心,辽宁沈阳110866

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2025年第2期214-227,共14页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32072677);辽宁省科技厅项目(2022-BS-167);辽宁省教育厅项目(LJKQZX20222374);国家重点研发项目(2023YFD1500500)。

摘　　要：为了实现农业废弃物利用最大化,提高化肥利用率,采用菌渣、枯枝落叶和玉米秸秆3种农业废弃物作为原料,加入聚乙二醇、甘油和浓硫酸制备了一系列环境友好型生物基包膜缓释材料。为了提高膜材料缓释性能,利用纳米二氧化硅构建网络互穿结构,提高了膜材料的致密性。利用1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷接枝到改性后的膜材料表面,进一步提高膜材料的疏水性能。研究表明:(1)菌渣和枯枝落叶的最佳液化条件为每克菌渣或枯枝落叶使用聚乙二醇9 g,温度130℃,时间60 min。玉米秸秆的最佳液化条件为每克秸秆使用聚乙二醇8 g,温度130℃,时间60 min。(2)菌渣聚氨酯材料最佳改性条件为纳米二氧化硅含量2%,反应温度35℃,反应时间1.5 h。枯枝落叶聚氨酯材料最佳改性条件为纳米二氧化硅含量2%,反应温度35℃,反应时间2 h。玉米秸秆聚氨酯材料最佳改性条件为纳米二氧化硅含量2%,反应温度20℃,反应时间2 h。(3)菌渣聚氨酯材料最佳修饰条件为氟化物浓度1%,组装温度70℃,组装时间1 h。枯枝落叶聚氨酯材料最佳修饰条件为氟化物浓度1.5%,组装温度60℃,组装时间1 h。玉米秸秆聚氨酯材料最佳修饰条件为氟化物浓度1.5%,组装温度70℃,组装时间1.5 h。(4)膜材料的羟基值减少,并且由官能团Si-O、O-Si-O、C-F的出现可以推断出已经将膜材料疏水改性成功。改性后和修饰后的膜材料表面更加致密,能够具有更优良的疏水性能。修饰改性后的膜材料对铵离子的吸附量小于未改性膜材料,若施入土壤,可以增强铵的有效性。综上所述,改性及修饰后膜材料的疏水性能和缓释性能均显著提高,通过综合分析各项指标确定生物基包膜缓释材料的3种合成原料中最佳原料为菌渣。In order to maximize the utilization of agricultural wastes and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers,a series of environment-friendly bio-based coated slow-release materials were prepared from three kinds of agricultural waste(mushroom residue,leaf litter and corn straw),adding polyethylene glycol,glycerol and concentrated sulfuric acid.In order to improve the slow-release performance of the coated material to reduce the large amount of hydrophilic hydroxy groups in agricultural waste,the nanosilica was used to construct the network interpenetration structure,which improved the compactness of the coated material.1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl trimethoxysilane grafting was used to further improve the hydrophobic properties of the coated material.The results of the study were as follows:(1)The optimal liquefaction condition of mushroom residue or leaf litter was to use 9 g of polyethylene glycol per unit mass of mushroom residue or leaf litter,at temperature 130℃for 60 min.The optimal liquefaction condition of corn straw was to use 8 g of polyethylene glycol per unit mass of corn straw,at temperature 130℃for 60 min.(2)The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used mushroom residue were 2%of nanosilica content,35℃,1.5 h.The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used leaf litter were 2%of nanosilica content,35℃,2 h.The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used corn straw were 2%of nanosilica content,20℃,2 h.(3)The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane used mushroom residue were 1%of the fluoride concentration,70℃,1h.The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane material used leaf litter were 1.5%of the fluoride concentration,60℃,1h.The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane used corn straw were 1.5%of the fluoride concentration,70℃,1.5 h.(4)The value of hydroxyl group of coated materials decreased,and it could be inferred by the appearance of functional groups Si-O,O-Si-O,C-F that coated materials had been s

关 键 词：农业废弃物 生物基 包膜缓释材料 环境友好 疏水改性 

分 类 号：S141.4[农业科学—肥料学] S141.2[农业科学—农业基础科学]