鱼类养殖饲喂管理:概念、技术方案和应用  

Feed and feeding management in aquaculture:concept,technological scheme and practices

作　　者：王岩[1] WANG Yan(Ocean College,Zhejiang University,Zhoushan 316021,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学海洋学院,浙江舟山316021

出　　处：《水产学报》2025年第4期24-39,共16页Journal of Fisheries of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31772868);国家重点研发项目(2020YFD0900803)。

摘　　要：投饵养殖在水产养殖产量中所占比例已超过70%,饲料成为决定水产动物养殖效益的重要因素。提高鱼类生长速率和饲料利用效率,特别是饲料蛋白质贮积效率,是鱼类遗传育种、营养、饲料和养殖管理研究的共同目标。饲喂管理指通过适量投喂营养组成合理的饵料以保障养殖动物快速生长和健康,从而最大程度地提高养殖产量,降低养殖成本以及养殖活动对自然资源和环境产生的负面影响,其集成了饲料管理和投喂管理,是水产养殖模式优化的重要内容。尽管针对鱼类营养需求、饲料和投喂分别开展了大量的研究,然而由于上述内容分别属于营养学、饲料科学和生态学等不同学科领域,针对重要养殖鱼类种类在特定养殖条件下的饲料管理和投喂管理的系统集成研究尚不多见。本文在已有的饲料管理和投喂管理研究基础上,提出了饲喂管理的概念并明确了饲喂管理在水产养殖模式优化中的作用。首先,笔者指出优化饲喂管理的技术路线包括:①确定养殖动物的营养需求;②在最适饲料营养水平下确定适宜的饲料原料种类及其添加量,设计饲料配方;③确定最优配方饲料的最适投喂频率和投喂量;④在饲料配方和投喂策略的基础上集成构建饲喂管理方案。其次,笔者介绍了对大黄鱼、大口黑鲈、卵形鲳鲹和厦门白姑鱼饲喂管理研究的过程及初步形成的饲喂管理方案。其中,①网箱养殖大黄鱼配合饲料粗蛋白水平、粗脂肪水平和蛋白能量比分别为490~520 g/kg、100 g/kg和27.6 MJ/kg,饲料鱼粉水平可降低至160 g/kg,投喂配合饲料的最适频率为2次/d,每天饲料投喂量为鱼体重的2.1%;②池塘养殖大口黑鲈配合饲料粗蛋白和粗脂肪水平分别为480~510 g/kg和120 g/kg,饲料鱼粉水平可降低至80 g/kg,最适投喂频率为3次/d,每天饲料投喂量为鱼体重的2.2%;③网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹配合饲料粗蛋白和�Feed has become a key determinant of the benefits of aquaculture practices,as the proportion of fed aquaculture now exceeds 70%of global aquaculture production.Enhancing fish growth and feed utilization efficiency,particularly dietary protein retention efficiency(NRE),is a common objective in breeding,nutrition,feed,and aquaculture management research.Feed and feeding management(FFM)is defined as a method to improve the growth and health of farmed animals while reducing production costs and negative impacts of farming practies on natural resources and the environment by providing highquality,cost-effective diets at appropriate feeding regimes.As an integraton of feed management and feeding management,FFM is recognized as one of the most important components in optimizing the aquaculture mode(AM).Nutrient requirements,diet formulation,and feeding of aquatic animals belong to different displines,such as nutrition,feed science,and feeding ecology,respectively.Although numerous attempts focused on investigating nutrient requirements,feed and feeding of fishes,however,few studies concern the integration of feed and feeding to establish FFM under specific farming conditions for the fish species commercially important to fed aquaculture.In this review,the author defined the concept of FFM based on the studies of feed management or feeding management of fishe and elucidated its role in optimizing the aquaculture model.First,the author indicated the technology diagram for optimizing FFM includes:①determining the nutrient requirements of the farmed animals,②designing high-quality,cost-effective diet formulas using feed ingredients that are rich in nutrients,low in antinutritional factors,and consistently available to meet the nutrient requirements of farmed animals,③determining the optimal feeding regimes for farmed animals fed with diets formulated according to the high-quality,cost-effective diet formula,④integrating the high-quality feed and optimal feeding regimes to determine the FFM scheme and assessing its b

关 键 词：水产养殖 饲喂管理 饲料配方 投喂策略 生长 饲料成本 养殖废物排放 

分 类 号：S965[农业科学—水产养殖]