刑事司法中的“获利即罪”现象及其法益论评价  

The Phenomenon of"Profit as the Basis for Guilt"in Criminal Justice and Its Evaluation from the Perspective of the Legal Interest Theory

作　　者：崔志伟 CUI Zhiwei

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院,上海200234

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第4期81-95,共15页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“行政犯之实质出罪问题研究”(项目编号:22FFXB034)的研究成果;上海市浦江人才计划项目(项目编号:2020PJC096);上海师范大学世承优秀青年学术骨干计划资助

摘　　要：刑法或司法解释较为普遍地基于行为的获利情况而设计罪刑规范,当抽象规则映射到具体实例中,完全可能存在不损人(甚至利人)的情形。刑事司法中行为危害性判断的隐退,导致获利行为成为刑法规制的唯一基点。在社会危害性这一极为模糊标准的先导下,在秩序法益论的“装扮”下,使得一些非法获利行为具备了“损人”的假象,这正是法教义学上“获利即罪”现象生成的根源。秩序法益论推演下的“利益无主化”决定了所谓的危害“社会”或违反秩序均无法取代对行为损人事实之评价。学理上应对此获利即罪司法现象给予整体否定。从类型化分析的视角,可以将获利型犯罪区分为损人利己、利己可能(不)损人以及利己不损人三种。利益可归属是重塑法益观及补足行为的法益侵害性评价的前提。集体法益需与个人法益建立起机能关联,才能肯定其刑法上的受保护地位,这种关联并非追求正向还原而是反向排除。在市场经济领域,刑法规范意在保护的是市场参与主体的相关利益。刑事司法中,如能反证危害要素的缺失,获利行为就失去了所附着的载体,违法所得的增减就不应成为入罪的根据,如此便可将利己不损人的行为予以司法出罪化处理。rules are applied to specific cases,it is totally possible for such behavior to benefit oneself without harming others(or even benefiting others).The diminished focus on the harm of behavior in judicial practice has led to profit-making behavior becoming the only basis for criminal regulation.Guided by the extremely vague standard of social harm and"made up"by the theory regarding order as the legal interest,some illegal profit-making behaviors create the illusion of"harming others",which is the source of the phenomenon of"profit as the basis for guilt".The"non ownership of interests"deduced by the theory of regarding order as the legal interest determines that neither the so-called harm to"society"or the violation of order can replace the evaluation of the fact that the behavior harms others.From the perspective of typological analysis,profit-based crimes can be divided into three types:harming others to benefit oneself,benefiting oneself with the potential of(not)harming others,benefiting oneself without harming others.Only the collective legal interest establish a functional connection with individual legal interest can their protected status in criminal law be affirmed.In the field of market economy,criminal law norms are intended to protect the relevant interests of market participants.In criminal justice,if the absence of the element of harm can be proven,profit-making behavior will lose its attached carrier,the increase or decrease of illegal gains should not be the basis for conviction,thus a behavior benefiting oneself without harming others can be judicially decriminalized.

关 键 词：获利行为 类型化 法益论 利益可归属 出罪 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]