实质主义宪法观视角下的检察权结构关系新论  

A New Doctrine of the Structural Relationship of Procuratorial Power from the Perspective of Substantive View of Constitution

作　　者：赵丹[1] ZHAO Dan

机构地区：[1]国家检察官学院,北京102206

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第4期96-109,共14页Political Science and Law

基　　金：最高人民检察院检察理论研究课题“宪法视阈下检察权运行逻辑论纲”(项目编号:GJ2020D09)的研究成果。

摘　　要：面对司法体制改革背景下检察权能的扩展,不少学者对不同检察权能之间的关系进行新的阐释以回应实践需求。大多数学者持形式主义宪法观的理念,从我国《宪法》第134条规定的“人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关”这一定性出发,认为所有检察权均以法律监督职能为核心。这种理解局限于宪法文本,对中国检察制度长期发展、渐进改进、内生性演化的实际观照不足,存在逻辑缺漏,还会导致“法律监督”内涵的不当泛化,并不利于各项检察权的依法有效行使。实质主义宪法观视角下的检察权结构关系论认为,“法律监督机关”这一国家机关定性不能决定检察权的属性或主要功能,不同种类的检察权之间地位平等,非法律监督性质的检察权之行使尽管会产生权力监督的客观效果,但有其自身独立的功能与价值。检察权子权力之间的内部分工以及检察权与其他国家权力关系的理顺均应遵循功能适当原则而非法律监督原则。With the constant expansion of the procuratorial functions in the context of judicial system reform,a considerable number of scholars expound relationship among different procuratorial functions so as to respond to practical needs.Most scholars hold the formalistic view of constitution and believe that all procuratorial power are centered on the legal supervisory function on basis of the characterization in Article 134 of the Constitution of China that“the People’s procuratorate is the legal supervision organ of the State”.Such understanding,which is limited to the constitutional text and pays insufficient practical attention to the long-term development,gradual improvement,and endogenous evolution of China's prosecutorial system,contains logical flaws and leads to an improper expansion of the connotation of“legal supervision”,thus hindering the lawful and effective exercise of various procuratorial power.The doctrine of structural relationship of procuratorial power from the perspective of substantive view of constitution holds that the characterization of“legal supervision organ”as the state organ can determine the nature or main functions of procuratorial power,and different kinds of procuratorial power enjoy the equal status,thus although the excise of the procuratorial power of a non-legal-supervisory nature may induce an objective effect of power supervision,such procuratorial power has its own and independent functions and values.Both the internal division among sub-powers of the procuratorial power and the clarification of relationship between the procuratorial power and other state powers should follow the principle of adequate functions rather than the principle of legal supervision.

关 键 词：法律监督机关 检察权 形式宪法 实质宪法 功能适当 

分 类 号：DF83[政治法律—法学]