行政相对人数字画像与差别化规制决策  

Digital Portraits of Administrative Counterparts and Differentiated Regulatory Decision-making

作　　者：王瑞雪[1] WANG Ruixue

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院,天津300350

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第4期161-176,共16页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“声誉制裁在行政法中的体系定位与法治完善研究”(项目编号:21CFX066);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“信用治理与行政法学理变革”(项目编号:63243024)的研究成果。

摘　　要：在技术赋权的背景下,行政机关通过信息汇集大幅提升了对行政相对人异质性的掌握程度,逐渐形成了更具针对性的差别化规制决策方案。随着行政相对人数字画像的规制流程日渐兴起,它可大致被界分为“记录-刻画-应用”三个节点。记录行政相对人的信息是信用监管等诸多制度的基础,无形之中强化了规制体系的威慑程度;行政机关应当审慎汇集行政记录,避免将本不相关的信息无差别地纳入个体档案。刻画行政相对人数字画像既有可能基于其丰富的差异性,也有可能在分级分类监管安排下回应某种共性,显著延伸了行政权力边界;行政机关应当对数字画像的真实性、准确性负责,正视过多干预对个体的侵扰。应用行政相对人数字画像,在一定程度上增加了执法的回应性,却可能面临形式平等与实质平等之间的紧张关系;行政机关既应尊重行政相对人的合理差别,又要避免将差别化的行政监管演变为系统性的算法歧视,还须警惕以合理差别为外衣的新型“一刀切”规制方案。政府的差别化规制决策方案应当精细设计、审慎考量,才能更为通顺地融入常态化统一监管过程。In the context of technological empowerment,the administrative agencies have greatly enhanced the grasp of the heterogeneity of administrative counterparts through information aggregation,gradually developing more targeted differentiated regulatory strategies.The regulatory process based on digital portraits of administrative portraits is increasingly prevalent and can be generally divided into three nodes:"recording-portrayal-application".As an ancillary procedure in administrative activities,the recording of administrative counterparts'information has served as the informational foundation for numerous systems such as credit regulation,subtly enhancing the deterrent effect of the regulatory system;Administrative agencies should exercise caution in aggregating administrative records to avoid indiscriminately including unrelated information in individual files.Portraying the digital portraits of administrative counterparts may be based on their rich diversity and may respond to certain commonalities under the hierarchical and classified regulatory arrangement,thus significantly extending the boundaries of administrative power;Administrative agencies should take responsibility for the authenticity and accuracy of the digital portraits,and take the excessive interference with individuals seriously.The application of digital portraits of administrative counterparts improves the responsiveness of law enforcement to some extent,but may lead to the tension between the principle of formal equality and the principle of substantive equality;administrative agencies should respect the reasonable differences among administrative counterparts,prevent the differentiated administrative regulation from developing into systematic algorithmic discrimination,and stay alert to new"one-size-fits-all"regulatory schemes disguised as reasonable differences.The scheme of differentiated regulatory decision-making by the government should be meticulously designed and prudently evaluated to integrate seamlessly into routine unified regulato

关 键 词：信用监管 平等原则 合理差别 回应性规制 风险规制 

分 类 号：DF3[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]