公社制的中国民族志研究与学术实践  

Chinese Ethnographic Study and Academic Practice of Commune System

作　　者：马威[1] 吴瑜晗 Ma Wei;Wu Yuhan(College of Hummanities and Social Sciences,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan,430070,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《民族学刊》2025年第1期120-129,162,共11页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：教育部重大攻关项目“中国近现代中华民族共同体文献整理与数据库建设研究”(22JZD024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“公社”的民族志资料为晚年时期马克思提供了历史唯物主义的经验证据,马克思恩格斯依此理清了人类社会形态发展的链条,为支持资本主义的历史阶段性及其必然消亡的假设提供实证武器。然而,由于缺乏东亚区域的民族志资料,公社研究中存在着尚待清晰化的模糊地带。新中国成立之后,民族学家围绕马克思恩格斯所关注的“公社”制度,以民族志方式描绘了喜马拉雅山东南麓及余脉、亚洲东部地区到东南半岛以公社作为生产和生活单位的人群形态,回应了马克思恩格斯围绕“公社”研究提出的系列经典话题,构拟了早期公有制社会形态的地域分布版图;呈现了氏族、家族、村社并存的公有制过渡形态;将政治视角与经济基础结合,梳理了公社类型的韧性特征。中国的马克思主义民族学家们基于唯物主义立场,以扎实的民族志资料丰富了马克思主义民族学,并在后续延展出区域人文、环境生态等学术增长点,呼应了同时期由斯图尔德和马文·哈里斯等学者引领的文化唯物主义学派研究,展现了马克思主义民族学研究的学术生命力和学术延展力。The study of the“commune system”constitutes the cornerstone of Marxist theory of primitive social history.Based on the research of ethnographic materials,Marx and Engels constructed their thinking on early human society,thereby promoting the advancement of historical materialism.In the 1950s,research on the“commune system”did not stop.Relying on the“Investigation of the Social History of Ethnic Minorities”,Chinese ethnology and anthropology provided rich field materials for research in this field.This not only completed the geographical distribution chain of the“Europe-Asia”commune system,but also rendered the living continuation of the“commune system”more convincing.The ethnographic exploration of the“commune system”by Chinese scholars showcases real-life experiences and dynamic laws gleaned from fieldwork,addressing three major issues of materialism regarding the form of historical development in human society and contributing Chinese experience to the study of human societal development within historical materialism.In China,there are various types of communes distributed across regions such as the Greater and Lesser Hinggan Mountains in the northeast and the Hengduan Mountains on the southern slope of the Himalayas.Many ethnic minorities have preserved the production and living patterns of the commune system,and with the transformation of the external society,these patterns have presented a diversified appearance.Within the“commune”framework,concepts of“private ownership concept”,“family”and“patriarchy”have been gradually emerging and evolving,competing with the“commune”itself.This vividly demonstrates the dynamic change process of the“commune”,providing even more abundant materials for the study of the“commune system”within historical materialism.From 1956 to 1964,the“Investigation of the Social History of Ethnic Minorities”initiated by Chairman Mao Zedong was carried out nationwide.This initiative documented a large amount of materials on the ownership

关 键 词：马克思主义民族学 父系家族公社 少数民族社会历史调查 农村公社 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理]