主观过错认定:地方性法规中“不”与“未”的规范应用  

Subjective Fault Determination:Normative Application of"No"and"Not"in Local Regulations

作　　者：刘康磊 骆玉涵 Liu Kanglei;Luo Yuhan

机构地区：[1]济南大学政法学院

出　　处：《行政与法》2025年第4期94-105,共12页Administration and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金专项委托重大项目“健全自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系研究”,项目编号:18VZL002。

摘　　要：地方性法规在法律体系中起着结合地方实际、贯彻上位法执行与主动调整地方发展存在问题的作用,其立法语言需精准无歧义。义务条款是地方性法规中的核心内容,它规定了行政相对人、行政主体应当遵守的行为规范。“不”与“未”二字在地方性法规中被用来描述违反义务内容的应责事由,表示行为人没有履行义务的情形,且与此相对应的法律责任认定与有效落实也与之具有紧密联系。“不”多用于描述行为人实施了违反义务规则的行为,是对动作的描述,而“未”则更多用于表示行为人的不作为状态。但是,诸多现行地方性法规混淆了“不”与“未”的含义,对二字的使用存在问题,地方性法规设定的义务无法与相对应的法律责任有效衔接,在适用过程中偏离法规的规制目的,致使责罚不相适应,最终使得立法目的不能完满实现。需要通过分析“不”与“未”在地方性法规中的使用现状,规范理解二者的含义和各自指向的责任性质与责任认定,并据此总结法律责任的设定思路,以减少地方性法规在适用上的争议。Local regulations play a role in the legal system by combining local realities,implementing higher-level laws,and proactively adjusting local development issues.Their legislative language needs to be precise and unambiguous.The obligation clause is the core content of local regulations,which stipulates the behavioral norms that administrative counterparties and administrative subjects should abide by.The words no and not are used in local regulations to describe the reasons for breach of obligations,indicating the situation where the perpetrator fails to fulill their obligations,and the corresponding legal responsibility determination and effective implementation are closely related to it.Not is often used to describe the behavior of a person who violates the rules of obligation,and is a description of an action,while not is more used to indicate the state of inaction of the person.However,many current local regulations confuse the meanings of no and not,and there are problems with the use of the two words.The obligations set by local regulations cannot be effectively linked with the corresponding legal responsibilities,deviating from the regulatory purpose of the regulations in the application process,resulting in penalties that are not appropriate,and ultimately making the legislative purpose unable to be fully achieved.It is necessary to analyze the current use of no and not in local regulations,standardize the understanding of their meanings and the nature and determination of their respective responsibilities,and summarize the ideas for seting legal responsibilities based on this,in order to reduce disputes in the application of local regulations.

关 键 词：行政处罚 地方性法规 主观过错 责任设定 

分 类 号：DF31[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]