生态学两大批判的哲学探原及其内在超越  

Philosophical Exploration of the Two Major Criticisms of Ecology and Their Internal Transcendence

作　　者：张起帆 江学如 ZHANG Qi-fan;JIANG Xue-ru(School of Labor Economics,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070;School of Marxism,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing 100876,China)

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院,北京100070 [2]北京邮电大学马克思主义学院,北京100876

出　　处：《自然辩证法研究》2025年第2期26-32,共7页Studies in Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：北京市教委社科一般项目“数字生态视域下北京基层社会治理的数字化转型研究”(SM202410038009);国家社会科学基金青年项目“生态学计算机建模的实在性研究”(24CZX055)。

摘　　要：生态学尽管作为一门前沿性学科而备受关注,当前却面临着两个看似矛盾的疑难或者说“窘境”。一方面,人们期待其能够为生态文明建设提供重要的科学基础。另一方面,生态学又深陷两大哲学批判:彼得斯基于工具主义立场批判生态学理论模型无法获得普遍规律,模型的预测力极弱;施拉德·夫列切尔和麦科伊认为生态学方法存在大量价值关涉的概念,由此导致客观性的缺失,只能走向个案研究而不可能拥有普适性的理论。很多人悲观地认为,比起物理学等传统科学,生态学是一门“不成熟”的学科。通过诊断,这些人心中无不潜藏着早已过时的“实证主义”科学图景。科学哲学从实证主义走向后实证主义并且出现经验主义转向,依据传统图式和概念框架来审视并批评生态学实践无疑是不适宜的。生态学是一门兼具历史性和地方性的新兴科学。Although ecology has received much attention as a cutting-edge discipline,it is currently facing two seemingly contradictory difficulties or“dilemmas”.On the one hand,people expect it to provide important scientific basis for ecological civilization,and on the other hand,ecology is embroiled in two major philosophical criticisms:Peters criticized the ecological theory model based on an instrumentalist standpoint for not being able to obtain universal laws,and the predictive power of the model is extremely weak;Shrader-Frechette and McCoy believed that ecological methods have a large number of concepts related to value,which leads to a lack of objectivity and can only move towards case studies rather than universal theories.Many people are pessimistic that ecology is an“immature”discipline compared to traditional sciences such as physics.Through diagnosis,these people all harbor an outdated scientific picture of“positivism”in their hearts.The philosophy of science has transitioned from positivism to post positivism,and there has been a shift towards empiricism.It is undoubtedly inappropriate to examine and criticize ecological practices based on traditional schemas and conceptual frameworks.Ecology is an emerging science that combines both historical and local characteristics.

关 键 词：生态学 传统科学 概念框架 实证主义 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]