法律如何实现动态治理——人工智能不确定性的立法应对  

How Can Law Realize Dynamic Governance--Legislative Responses to the Uncertainties of Artificial Intelligence

作　　者：季卫东[1,2] 赵泽睿 JI Weidong;ZHAO Zerui

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学,上海200240 [2]凯原法学院 [3]上海交通大学中国法与社会研究院,上海200240

出　　处：《学术月刊》2025年第3期98-109,共12页Academic Monthly

摘　　要：人工智能的不确定性既是推动全球人工智能立法浪潮的共识性动因,也是引发各国立法实践森罗万象的分歧性诱因。欧盟、美国和日本分别形成强调政府监管的风险规制、侧重市场主导的行业自治与聚焦政企合作的软法引导三种立法模式。但三者均将法律当作政府执行静态治理观念的工具,由此产生政府或市场能自行应对人工智能不确定性的自负。我国的人工智能统一立法为克服单一主体以静制动的困境,并实现多元主体基于沟通的动态治理,应围绕风险对称的民主性沟通而非计划性监管来控制不确定性。对此,人工智能统一立法可以利用沟通程序的制度设计来督促政府消除市场中的风险不对称性,确保具体场景的多元利益相关者在风险对称的情况下通过风险沟通敏捷作出有可问责性的风险决策,以实现风险共担的动态治理。The uncertainty of artificial intelligence not only serves as the consensus-driven motivation behind the global wave of artificial intelligence legislation but also acts as the divergent factor that triggers the multifarious legislative practices across nations.The European Union,the United States,and Japan have respectively formed three distinct legislative models:risk regulation emphasizing government supervision,industry self-governance emphasizing market dominance,and soft law guidance focusing on government-enterprise cooperation.However,all these three legislative models view law as a tool for the government to enforce specific governance concepts,thereby generating an overconfidence that either the government or the market can independently handle the uncertainties of artificial intelligence.For China's unified legislation on artificial intelligence to overcome the predicament where a single entity finds it dificult to regulate uncertainties and to achieve the dynamic governance goal based on communication among multiple subjects,it is necessary to rely on democratic communication based on risk symmetry rather than planned regulation to control uncertainties.In this regard,the unified legislation on artificial intelligence can be based on the institutional design of communication procedures to urge the government to eliminate risk asymmetry in the market,ensuring that multiple stakeholders in specific scenarios make agile and accountable risk decisions through risk communication under conditions of risk symmetry,thereby achieving dynamic governance of risk sharing.

关 键 词：人工智能法 风险治理 不确定性 风险沟通 正当程序 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]