碳中和目标的法律性质及立法进路  

Legal Nature and Legislative Approach of the Carbon Neutrality Goal

作　　者：陈贻健 CHEN Yijian(Law School,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518055,China)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学法学院,广东深圳518055

出　　处：《现代法学》2025年第2期93-106,共14页Modern Law Science

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究重点课题“‘双碳’目标下的碳排放行为规制研究”(24SFB1021)。

摘　　要：明确碳中和目标的法律性质是构建相应规范并推动其实现的前提。碳中和目标完整的规范内涵既包含源减排和汇清除的行为要求,也包含源的人为排放和汇的人为清除平衡的结果要求,因而总体上可以涵盖以源减排为主的碳达峰。依据条约条款的文义,碳中和只是一项非约束性的手段性目标,但其通常经由国家自主贡献提出,因而会受到国家自主贡献相关规范的间接约束,并可通过国家自主贡献转化为本国的约束性目标。碳中和目标目前在我国国内法中主要体现为有限的行为义务,同时呈现出渐进约束性的特征,其规范内涵将从对部分主体以源减排和汇清除为核心的相关行为要求逐步过渡到源的人为排放和汇的人为清除平衡的结果要求。基于碳中和与碳达峰的规范联系及碳中和目标的法律性质,不宜以“碳达峰碳中和”作为整体目标进行立法,也不宜就碳中和目标专门进行立法。碳中和目标相关规范的构建应主要通过在未来的生态环境法典之下另行制定气候单行法实现,其渐进约束性可借助“自上而下”与“自下而上”结合、管制与市场结合、程序义务与行为义务先行并逐步过渡到结果义务的规范路径得以实现。Clarifying the legal nature of the carbon neutrality goal is a prerequisite for constructing corresponding norms and promoting their realization.The complete normative connotation of the carbon neutrality goal encompasses not only the behavioral requirements for source emission reduction and sink removal but also the result requirements for balancing anthropogenic emissions from sources with anthropogenic removals from sinks.Thus,it generally covers carbon peaking,which primarily focuses on source emission reduction.According to the interpretation of treaty provisions,carbon neutrality is fundamentally a non-binding instrumental goal.However,since it is typically articulated through Nationally Determined Contributions(NDC),it becomes indirectly constrained by the norms associated with NDC.Currently,the carbon neutrality goal is primarily reflected in China’s domestic law as a limited behavioral obligation,which presents a characteristic of progressive bindingness and will gradually shifts from behavioral requirements focused on source emission reduction and sink removal for certain entities to result requirements for balancing anthropogenic emissions and removals.Given the normative connection between carbon neutrality and carbon peaking,and considering the legal nature of the carbon neutrality goal,it is inappropriate to legislate under the overarching framework of“carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”.Additionally,legislation specifically targeting the carbon neutrality goal is also not advisable.Instead,norms related to the carbon neutrality goal should be integrated into the climate law framework udner the ecological envioronment code.Its gradual binding nature can be realized through a normative approach that combines“top-down”and“bottom-up”strategies,integrating regulation with market mechanisms,and transitioning from procedural and behavioral obligations to result obligations over time.

关 键 词：生态环境法典 碳中和 碳达峰 行为义务 结果义务 

分 类 号：DF46[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]