国际海洋法法庭气候变化咨询意见对海洋环境保护义务的发展及反思  

The ITLOS Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and the Development of Marine Environmental Protection Obligation

作　　者：张华[1] Zhang Hua

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2025年第2期166-182,共17页Global Law Review

摘　　要：国际海洋法法庭正式将气候变化问题纳入《联合国海洋法公约》海洋环境保护义务的规制范畴,实现了气候变化和海洋环境保护的制度融合,为该义务注入了全新的发展动力。在将气候变化问题涵摄到《公约》规则的过程中,法庭对海洋环境保护义务进行了全面的解释、强化和创新,原本简约抽象的规定由此获得了前所未有的实质性发展。但是,就系统解释和演化解释而言,法庭发展《公约》中的海洋环境保护义务存在方法论层面的缺陷。鉴于气候变化诉讼的潜在压力,法庭的“司法干涉主义”将会对国家行为产生深远影响。从长远来看,为切实应对气候变化对海洋环境的不利影响,国际社会应当致力于制定和实施专门的国际法规则,而不是寄希望于偶发性的气候变化诉讼。International legal discourse has recently been focusing on the regime interaction between climate change and marine environmental protection. In the most recent advisory opinion, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS) incorporates climate change into the regulatory scope of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), injecting fresh momentum into the relevant obligations to protect the marine environment in UNCLOS. By subsuming climate change into UNCLOS rules, ITLOS interprets, strengthens, and innovates the obligations of marine environmental protection in a comprehensive way. In terms of interpretation, ITLOS conducts systematic interpretation by considering the context of UNCLOS and external rules respectively, thereby not only realizing systematic integration of the obligations of marine environmental protection enshrined in UNCLOS, but also making it possible to apply and enforce the international rules of climate change in the context of marine environmental protection. In terms of strengthening, by resorting to the three elements with the capability of normative transformation, i.e. due diligence obligation, continuing obligation, and precautionary approach, ITLOS strengthens the existing obligations in UNCLOS and imposes higher requirements on States' performance of their obligations. In terms of innovation, ITLOS creates brand-new obligations, e.g., the obligation to restore the marine environment, the obligation of financial assistance, and relevant factors in the assessment of ‘necessary measures' for preventing pollution of the marine environment. Through the above efforts, unprecedented development of the originally minimalist and abstract UNCLOS provisions has been made, and the effect of evolutionary interpretation has been achieved. However, as far as methodology is concerned, the systematic and evolutionary interpretations conducted by ITLOS lack necessary legal reasoning and argumentation. Although ITLOS formally sets out methods for systematic interpretati

关 键 词：国际气候变化法 海洋环境保护义务 气候变化咨询意见 国际海洋法法庭 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]