程序问题冲突规则的构建原理  

General Theory on Construction of Conflict Rules for Procedural Issues

作　　者：林强 Lin Qiang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所国家级涉外法治研究基地

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2025年第2期200-216,共17页Global Law Review

基　　金：2024年度中国社会科学院“青启计划”项目“国际民事诉讼中的程序问题法律适用原理”(2024QQJH140)的研究成果。

摘　　要：因有利于维护诉讼效率,程序问题适用法院地法仍为涉外程序问题法律适用的一般原则。不过,如当事人在涉外程序事项上具有值得保护的适用外国法的利益,立法者完全可以突破该原则而发展出程序问题的双边冲突规则。目前,至少选择法院协议、当事人能力以及诉讼行为能力等事项适用法院地法有所不当,甚至损害当事人的相关程序性权益,立法者宜为这些程序事项制定双边冲突规则。遗憾的是,2023年新修正的《民事诉讼法》仍严格坚持法院地法原则,未有关于程序事项双边冲突规则的相关规定,这一立法漏洞宜通过司法解释予以填补。未来,在作证特免权等程序事项上亦有适用外国法的空间。理论界与实务界应以演进的态度对待涉外程序问题的法律适用,重视发展国际民事诉讼中的双边冲突规则。“Forum regitprocessum”(hereinafter referred to as the lex fori principle) is one of the oldest conflict rules and is still considered a basic principle of international civil procedure law in the modern era. According to this principle, in civil proceedings involving foreign elements, lex fori always applies to procedural issues, regardless of whether the applicable law on substantial issues is foreign law or not. The rational basis of the lex fori principle is that it is conducive to maintaining the efficiency of litigation, rather than the abstract and seemingly sound doctrines such as public law taboos or natural justice. Since the validity of the lex fori principle is based on promotion of efficiency in litigation, we should embrace the idea that, if the parties have an interest worth protecting in applying foreign law to procedural issues, then we can exceptionally break through the restrictions of the lex fori principle and develop bilateral conflicts rules for these procedural issues. In theory, although there are few bilateral conflict rules for procedural issues, we should not ignore their existence. Unfortunately, the Chinese legislator remains relatively conservative on this issue. Taking the newly amended Civil Procedure Law of 2023 as an example, the Chinese legislator still strictly adheres to the lex fori principle on matters of the applicable law on procedural issues and has not provided for exceptions to this principle. In the current Chinese legal system, we can see that the results obtained by applying lex fori to issues such as choice of court agreements, party capacity, and capacity to sue are obviously inappropriate, and we should formulate bilateral conflict rules for these issues. However, in the absence of conflict rules for those issues in the legislation, those legislative loopholes can only be closed through future judicial interpretations or authoritative judicial decisions. In addition, we should also be aware that China's civil procedure institutions are still in a period of ref

关 键 词：国际民事诉讼 冲突规则 选择法院协议 当事人能力 诉讼行为能力 

分 类 号：D997.3[政治法律—国际法学]