基于生成式大语言模型的社会科学定性分析——研究方法与应用示例  

Socio-Scientific Qualitative Analysis Based on Generative Large Language Models:Research Methodologies and Application Examples

作　　者：高虒源 唐啸[1] 付帅泽 Gao Siyuan;Tang Xiao;Fu Shuaize

机构地区：[1]清华大学公共管理学院 [2]北京市社会科学院

出　　处：《社会发展研究》2025年第1期62-84,M0004,共24页Journal of Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“地方政府短视行为的机制分析与对策研究”(项目编号:22AGL031,主持人:唐啸)的研究成果。

摘　　要：生成式大语言模型正在推动社会科学定性文本分析产生新的变革,为定性研究中科学主义和人文主义的方法论讨论带来新的空间。但是,生成式大语言模型可以完成哪些定性文本分析任务尚不明确。本研究分析了生成式大语言模型应用于定性文本分析的技术基础、能够解决的任务类型等。本研究使用生成式大语言模型对扎根理论、民族志、口述史、案例研究四类定性研究的文本分析进行复现,提供应用示例并对复现效果进行呈现、验证与提炼总结。研究发现生成式大语言模型可以协助完成以下四类定性分析任务:(1)基于扎根理论,自下而上的编码任务;(2)基于理论演绎的分析框架设计任务,并根据理论分析框架开展定性分析;(3)以诠释为主的整体取向文本理解任务;(4)完成有限的因果推理任务。本研究认为基于生成式大模型的定性研究方法,应以人机优势互补为原则,可以期待其在信度、可复现性、定性大数据分析、可解释性等方面发挥潜在优势。Generative large language models( GLLMs) are driving new transformations in qualitative text analysis in social sciences,creating new opportunities for methodological discussions between scientific and humanistic approaches in qualitative research. However,it remains unclear what specific qualitative text analysis tasks GLLMs can perform. This study analyzes the technical foundations of GLLM applications in qualitative text analysis and identifies the types of tasks they can address. The research uses GLLMs to replicate text analysis across four qualitative research methods: grounded theory,ethnography,oral history,and case studies. It provides application examples and presents,validates,and refines the replication outcomes. The findings reveal that GLLMs can assist in four categories of qualitative analysis tasks:(1) bottom-up coding tasks based on grounded theory;(2) theoretically deductive analytical framework design and subsequent qualitative analysis;(3) holistic interpretationoriented text comprehension tasks;and(4) limited causal inference tasks. This study suggests that qualitative research methods based on GLLMs should follow the principle of human-AI complementary advantages,with potential strengths in reliability,reproducibility,large-scale qualitative analysis,and interpretability.

关 键 词：生成式大语言模型 定性文本分析 能力边界 智能定性研究方法 

分 类 号：C91[经济管理]