性别与国际安全:边缘视角对规范制定的影响  

Gender and International Security: The Impact of Marginal Perspectives on Norm-Making

作　　者：王蕾 WANG Lei(School of Political Science and International Relations,Tongji University)

机构地区：[1]同济大学政治与国际关系学院,上海200092

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2025年第3期33-62,150,151,共32页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：同济大学“中央高校基本科研业务费”专项资金资助项目(项目批准号:2212024590)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在21世纪以来的军备控制及相关安全领域规范的制定进程中,性别视角的引入是一种常见现象。妇女组织呼吁关注武器的使用等军事化行为与政策对不同性别身份的个体产生的差异化影响,主张提升女性在规范谈判与安全实践中的参与度,甚至以社会性别分析方法批判军事化政策的正当性。妇女组织在一些议题领域成功影响了谈判结果,但在另一些议题领域却未达成预期目标。导致这一差异的原因是,当妇女组织提出的观点主张对规范谈判中主流观念的冲击较为有限时,中小国家利用性别视角的先锋性与反叛性提升自身在规范谈判中的影响力,且无须承担显著的风险与成本;而当妇女组织的观点主张与规范谈判中的主流观念产生尖锐冲突时,中小国家在支持性别视角的同时,有选择地利用或重塑妇女组织的观点主张,通过软化性别视角对主流观念的冲击,使自己能够以较低成本受益于性别视角。涉及常规武器贸易、核裁军、自主武器系统和网络空间军事化的四个案例验证了这一解释。研究揭示了边缘视角主流化过程的复杂性,有助于理解大国与中小国家间权力关系的变化及其限度,也能够为探讨更多边缘视角的未来发展提供一定启示。Since the beginning of the 21st century,the gender perspective has been frequently utilized to promote the making of norms on arms control and related security issues.Women' s organizations call for attention to the gendered impacts of militarization,including the use of weapons,on individuals,advocate for enhancing women' s participation in norm negotiation and security practices,and even delegitimize militarization through gender analysis. While women' s organizations have succeeded in influencing the outcome of negotiations in some issue areas,they have failed to achieve the desired goals in others. When women' s organizations challenge the mainstream perspectives in a limited way,small and medium-sized countries tend to leverage the pioneering and rebellious nature of the gender perspective to enhance their influence in normative negotiation,without bearing significant risks and costs. However,when women' s organizations pose a strike to mainstream values,small and medium-sized countries would selectively adopt or reshape the proposals of women' s organizations while standing in line with the gender perspective. It allows them to benefit at a lower cost by softening the impact of gender perspectives on dominant norms.This argument is supported by four case studies of conventional arms trade,nuclear disarmament,autonomous weapon systems,and the militarization of cyberspace. The research reveals that integrating marginal perspectives into mainstream discussions is a complex process. It helps clarify how and to what extent middle and small countries can challenge major powers and inspires further research on other marginal perspectives.

关 键 词：妇女组织 中小国家 军备控制 规范制定 性别 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]