荆楚地区商代用玉制度研究  

Research on the System of Jade Use in the Jingchu Region During the Shang Dynasty

作　　者：党瑞 Dang Rui

机构地区：[1]太原市文物保护研究院,山西太原030000

出　　处：《文博学刊》2024年第6期67-77,共11页Journal of Archaeology and Museology

摘　　要：荆楚地区是长江中下游商代文明研究中的重要地域,该地区墓葬和窖藏中出土的玉器对研究商代用玉制度是不可忽视的材料。从玉器摆放位置、器物组合、玉器质地、玉器与墓主身份四方面对荆楚地区出土商代玉器进行分析发现,荆楚地区出土商代玉器多位于墓主头部及腰部,其中头部以柄形器为主,腰部以戈为最主。不同器型玉器组合以玉礼器加玉饰品为主,玉戈加玉柄形器的组合方式较为常见;玉器与铜器组合以铜礼器、玉礼器和玉装饰品为主,铜觥、铜爵、铜斝、玉戈和玉柄形器的组合方式较为常见。玉器质地以透闪石玉为主,质地较好的透闪石玉常出现在高等级墓葬中,蛇纹石、磷铝石则作为透闪石玉的替代品出现。玉器、铜器随葬数量及精美程度与墓主身份呈正相关,但也存在墓葬规模形制与随葬品不对应的现象。The Jingchu region is an important area in the study of Shang dynasty civilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The jade artifacts unearthed from the tombs and hoards in this region are indispensable materials for the study of the jade usage system during the Shang dynasty.This paper analyzes the Shang dynasty jade artifacts unearthed in the Jingchu region from four aspects:the placement of jade artifacts,artifact combinations,jade quality,and the relationship between the jade artifacts and the status of the tomb owner.The analysis finds that most jade artifacts in this region were placed around the head and waist of the tomb owner,with hiltshaped pieces typically placed near the head and dagger-axes near the waist.The most common combinations of jade artifacts consisted of jade ritual objects and jade ornaments,while the combination of jade dagger-axes and jade hilt-shaped pieces was also frequently observed.When combined with bronze artifacts,the predominant arrangement includes bronze ritual objects,jade ritual objects,and jade ornaments,with combinations of bronze gong,bronze jue,bronze zha,jade dagger-axes,and jade hilt-shaped pieces being particularly common.The jade artifacts are primarily made of tremolite jade,with serpentinite,turquoise,and soapstone often serving as substitutes for tremolite jade.The quantity and craftsmanship of jade and bronze artifacts buried with the tomb owner are positively correlated with their status;however,there are also cases where the scale and form of the tomb do not align with the quality or quantity of the burial goods.

关 键 词：荆楚地区 商代玉器 出土位置 器物组合 墓主身份 

分 类 号：K876.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]