《公羊》学说与汉武帝吏治  

The Doctrine of Gongyang and the Politics of Cruel Officials by Emperor Wu of Han

作　　者：王尔 Wang Er

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中华文化论坛》2025年第1期67-79,共13页Journal of Chinese Culture

摘　　要：元朔年间兴盛的《公羊》学说与汉武帝推行的新吏治有着密切的联系。在武帝“有为”的治国思想影响下,董仲舒再三修订其学说,“天人三策”的刑法观念呈现了一个不断调整以期与武帝治国方略相协调的过程。递进的“三策”逐渐突显刑法之意义,受到武帝欣赏,为实施严刑峻法的吏治打下基础。然而董氏公羊义理有注重权变法令以顺应人情之特点,并非一味重法。在西汉旧有律令体系上,武帝为应对骤增的事务,需要曲解律令。司法官吏迎合其需要,《公羊》成为他们舞文弄法的义理依据。以元朔六年“见知故纵、监临部主之法”的制定为标志,公羊家与酷吏在政治实践中紧密合作,相互影响。张汤等在“鞠狱故纵”罪的基础上,结合《公羊》“原心定罪”说,提出“见知故纵”之法——重在治内心不正/不直/不善之罪。其追究的是“故纵”者与罪犯同有此心。酷吏治狱诸法,模糊了治罪之界线,律令中客观断案标准降低,造成大量“冤伤”“株连”错案。汉武帝开启的新吏治模式吸收而又偏离了《公羊》义理,显示出儒学原理与现实需求之间不断整合的过程。The flourishing Gongyang doctrine during the Yuanshuo period was closely related to the new bureaucratic system implemented by Emperor Wu of Han.Under the influence of Emperor Wu’s“proactive”governance thought,Dong Zhongshu repeatedly revised his theory.The penalty law concepts in his“Three Discourses of Heaven and Human(天人三策)”has presented a process of continuous adjustment so as to coordinate with the emperor’s governance strategy.The progressive discourses gradually highlighted the significance of criminal law and were appreciated by Emperor Wu,laid the foundation for the implementation of strict punishment and law in the governance of officials.However,Dong’s interpretation of Gongyang emphasized the importance of changing laws and regulations to conform to human feelings,rather than blindly emphasized the punishment.With the background of the pre-existing legal system,Emperor Wu needed to reinterpret laws,as he had to cope with the sudden increase of political affairs.Catered to this need,judicial officials used Gongyang as the theoretical basis of their juggling with the law.In the sixth year of Yuanshuo,“Knowing about the crime and intentionally condoning it(见知故纵)”was written into the law,which signified that the scholars of Gongyang and the cruel officials closely cooperated with each other in political practice.This clause of law was proposed by Zhang Tang,a cruel official who got his basis from the Gongyang doctrine of“convicting with the original intention(论心定罪)”.The various law clauses practiced by cruel officials have blurred the boundaries of punishments,lowered the objective criteria for judging cases in laws and regulations,and caused a large number of wrongful cases.The new politics of cruel officials initiated by Emperor Wu of Han absorbed but deviated from the principles of Gongyang,demonstrated the continuous integration between Confucian principles and practical needs.

关 键 词：汉武帝 董仲舒 公羊学 公羊家 酷吏 原心定罪 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]