印度教民族主义的政治困境:印度人民党“消极革命”路径的内在局限  

The Political Dilemma of Hindu Nationalism:the Internal Contradictions of the BJP's "Passive Revolution" Path

作　　者：王淑芳 WANG Shufang(College of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《大连大学学报》2025年第2期1-10,共10页Journal of Dalian University

摘　　要：印度民族主义运动中以国大党为代表的民族资产阶级在获得政治独立的同时,主动维系了殖民时期的社会经济结构,这一“消极革命”路径造成了后殖民时代国家建设的结构性矛盾。至20世纪80年代,长期积累的种姓、阶级和区域不平等催生出分离主义浪潮和种姓运动。印度人民党通过将新自由主义改革议程与印度教民族主义和民粹主义结合,开创了后殖民时代独具特色的“消极革命”路径。一方面借助新自由主义改革继续推进国家现代化进程,另一方面借助民粹主义和印度教民族主义进行社会整合,重构民族认同。但是新自由主义改革引发的分配危机与民粹主义承诺的普惠性叙事产生根本冲突;印度教民族主义的保守主义和新自由主义的全球化诉求矛盾。“消极革命”模式存在难以克服的历史限度,民粹主义和印度教民族主义无法弥合新自由主义改革激化的社会矛盾,印度人民党在构建跨阶级联盟、维持霸权统治方面面临持续挑战。During India's decolonization,the national bourgeoisie led by the Congress Party achieved political independence while retaining the colonial socioeconomic framework—a process conceptualized as "passive revolution".This Gramscian paradigm generated structural contradictions in the postcolonial state.By the 1980s,the accumulation of social tensions—caste differences,class divisions,and regional imbalances—had given rise to separatist and caste movements.Against this backdrop,the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) shaped a unique postcolonial model of passive revolutionary governance by combining neoliberal economics with Hindu nationalism.Its threefold strategy included:(1) accelerating modernization through market-driven neoliberal reforms;(2) promoting social cohesion and rebuilding national identity through Hindu nationalism;and (3) appeasing grassroots discontent through populist welfare policies.However,there were structural tensions within the three ideologies:neoliberalism's distributive injustice fundamentally contradicted populism's egalitarian commitments,and Hindu nationalism's conservative tendencies conflicted with neoliberalism's globalization demands.The BJP's attempt to reconcile the social divisions created by neoliberal reforms through Hindu nationalism and populism has produced an unsustainable model of governance.The passive revolution framework has shown its inherent limitations in resolving postcolonial contradictions,trapping the regime in a mutually reinforcing vicious cycle of socioeconomic polarization and identity conflict.

关 键 词：“消极革命” 印度人民党 印度教民族主义 新自由主义 民粹主义 

分 类 号：B982[哲学宗教—宗教学] D735.1[政治法律—政治学]