缓倾斜厚煤层仰斜开采覆岩及地表损伤特征与机理  

Characteristics and mechanism of overlying rock and surface damage in gently inclined thick coal seam mining

作　　者：谢晓深 侯恩科[2,3] 赵兵朝 冯栋[2,3] 侯鹏飞 郭维强 XIE Xiaoshen;HOU Enke;ZHAO Bingchao;FENG Dong;HOU Pengfei;GUO Weiqiang(College of Energy Engineering,Xi’an University of Science and Tecnnology,Xi’an 710054,China;School of Geology and Environment,Xi’an Uni-versity of Science and Tecnnology,Xi’an 710054,China;Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation,Xi’an 710054,China;Ningxia Coal Industry Co.,Ltd.,CHN Energy,Yinchuan 750408,China)

机构地区：[1]西安科技大学能源学院,陕西西安710054 [2]西安科技大学地质与环境学院,陕西西安710054 [3]陕西省煤炭绿色开发地质保障重点实验室,陕西西安710054 [4]国家能源集团宁夏煤业有限责任公司,宁夏银川750408

出　　处：《煤炭学报》2025年第3期1443-1457,共15页Journal of China Coal Society

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(42177174);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2024JC-YBQN-0361);陕西省博士后科研资助项目(2023BSHEDZZ297)。

摘　　要：为科学指导鄂尔多斯盆地西部缓倾斜厚煤层开采矿井灾害防治和生态环境保护,实现西部煤炭的绿色安全开采。以红柳煤矿I020213工作面研究为背景,采用相似材料模拟、实地调查、裂缝原位示踪开挖和理论分析相结合的方法,分析缓倾斜厚煤层仰采覆岩及地表损伤特征,并依此构建地表裂缝活动类型的判据,探究地表裂缝形成及活动机理。结果表明:I020213工作面顶板覆岩以“悬臂-断裂-铰接-垮落回转-滑移-稳定”的重复性结构向前扩展演化,采空区上方覆岩破坏形态呈斜梯形的非对称偏移形态,下山采空区压实度是上山采空区的1.2倍,采空压实区边界整体呈类似抛物线的椭抛面。覆岩离层裂隙宽度具有“增大-减小”的动态变化特征,竖向裂隙宽度则表现出“增大-稳定”和“增大-减小-稳定”2种动态特征;导水裂隙带发育高度呈“快增-缓增-稳定”的递进式动态发育特征,稳定后发育高度达145m。采空区上方地表损伤形式以地表隆起为主,隆起高度达2.7~36.0cm,平均为10.14cm;工作面边界上方主要发育拉张裂缝和台阶裂缝,裂缝宽度为1.5~18.0cm,落差最大约17.0cm。根据裂缝宽度-深度变化特征,地表裂缝剖面形态可分为“类楔型”、“类梭型”和“类树枝分叉型”3类,且具有偏斜特征,偏移量与裂缝发育深度呈二次多项式相关。宽度小于3.0 cm的裂缝垂向发育深度为1.70~3.10 m,垂向深度差为46.0~190.0cm/m,平均垂向深度差为132cm/m,裂缝发育深度与宽度符合线性函数关系。采空区上方地表隆起滞后回采位置发育,滞后距离为24.7~71.3m,隆起高度均呈现“增加-稳定”的动态变化过程,活动时间为11~13d;边界裂缝在拉张作用下呈现“持续增大-稳定”和“开裂-稳定”2种变化特征,活动时间为2~12d。地表裂缝发育类型及活动特征与表土层性质和裂缝间距密切相关。一般情况下裂缝间距越�In order to scientifically guide the disaster prevention and ecological environment protection of the gently coal seam mining in the west of Ordos Basin,and to realize the green and safe mining of coal.The laws of overlying rock and surface damage caused by overlying mining in gently inclined thick coal seam were revealed,and the formation and activ-ity mechanism of surface cracks were expounded by using the methods of similar material simulation,field investigation,crack excavation and theoretical analysis.The results show that the roof overburden of I020213 face extends forward with the repeatable structural evolution characteristics of“cantilever-fracture-hinged joint-collapse rotation-slip-stability”.The failure form of the overlying rock above the goaf was an oblique trapezoid asymmetric migration shape,the compaction degree of the downhill goaf was 1.2 times that of the uphill goaf,and the whole boundary of the goaf was an elliptical parabola similar to parabola.The fracture width of overlying strata has the dynamic characteristics of“increase-decrease”,while the vertical fracture width shows two dynamic characteristics of“increase-stability”and“increase-decrease-stabil-ity”.The development height of water-conducting fracture zone with the progressive development characteristic of“rapid increase-slow increase-stability”was 145 m.The surface damage above the goaf was surface uplift,which uplift height was 2.7-36.0 cm.Tensile cracks with average width of 1.5-18.0 cm and bench cracks with average drop height of 17.0 cm were mainly developed above the boundary of the working face.According to the variation characteristics of crack width and depth,the shape of surface fracture profile with skew characteristics was divided into three types:“wedge-like”,“shuttle-like”and“branch-like bifurcation”,also the offset was quadratic polynomial correlation with the fracture develop-ment depth.The vertical development depth of the crack less than 3.0 cm is 1.70-3.10 m,and the vertical depth d

关 键 词：缓倾斜煤层 覆岩破断 地表裂缝 演化特征 形成机理 

分 类 号：TD325[矿业工程—矿井建设]