中国康养政策三十年演进历程分析  

Analysis of the Evolution of China's Health and Wellness Care Policy for Older Adults Over the Past 30 Years

作　　者：卢凤 段新宇 杨晓静 孙涛 段孝建 曹德品[1] 张淑娥[1] Lu Feng(School of Health Management,Harbin Medical University,Harbin,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨医科大学卫生管理学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150081 [2]杭州师范大学公共卫生学院 [3]哈尔滨医科大学人事处

出　　处：《中国卫生事业管理》2025年第2期235-240,共6页Chinese Health Service Management

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第17批特别资助项目“寒地城市共病老年人康养服务供需关系的多重错位生成机制与良性对齐策略”(2024T170207);中国博士后科学基金第74批面上资助“地区专项支持计划”项目“寒地城市老年人共病特征与社会决定因素及其健康管理策略研究”(2023MD744209);黑龙江省博士后面上项目“寒地城市老年人共病特征与社会决定因素及其健康管理策略研究”(LBH-Z23233);黑龙江省省属本科高校“优秀青年教师基础研究支持计划”(自然科学)项目“寒地城市老年人共病的社会决定机制与管理策略及效果预测研究”(YQJH2023029)。

摘　　要：目的:探讨我国康养政策的政策工具构成特点及演进特征,为完善康养政策以及康养服务实践提供理论指引。方法:在国务院、国家卫健委以及北大法宝官网中搜集1994年~2023年间的康养政策文本,基于政策工具、政策阶段、政策目标三个维度的研究框架,采用政策工具法对最终遴选的41份康养政策文本进行梳理、归纳和编码分析。结果:康养政策分为六个阶段:起步阶段、探索康养制度体系、兴办康养服务相关产业、医养结合阶段、医养康养相结合、康养政策与实践发展阶段。现阶段政策工具使用不均衡,供给型政策工具占47.7%,环境型政策工具占31.8%,需求型政策工具占20.92%;康养政策发文量逐步增多,且越来越聚焦于老年人健康;政策目标结构不合理,养老服务占42.20%,健康支持占31.80%,康养融合占25.99%。结论:中国康养政策经历了从分散模糊到相对整合具体的演变过程。建议政府应采取协调一致的政策策略,优化政策工具的使用结构,强化环境型政策工具和需求型政策工具的应用,实现政策目标的平衡和协调,重点推进康养融合,制定专项康养政策,完善康养政策工具与政策目标的匹配度和有效性,确保康养政策的科学性、合理性和可持续性。Objective To explore the characteristics and evolution of policy tools for health and wellness care policies in China,and provide theoretical guidance for improving health and wellness care policies and health and wellness care service practices.Methods The health and wellness care policy texts from 1994 to 2023 were collected from the official website of the State Council,the National Health Commission and PKULAW,and the 41 policy texts from which were sorted,summarized and coded based on the research framework of policy tools,policy stages and policy objectives.Results The health and wellness care policies were divided into six stages,including the initial stage,exploration of the health and wellness care system,establishment of health and wellness care service-related industries,integration of medical care and elderly care,combination of medical care and health and wellness care,and the development stage of health and wellness care policy and practice.At present,the use of policy tools is uneven,with 47.7% of supply-oriented policy tools,31.8% of environment-based policy tools,and 20.92% of demand-based policy tools.The number of health and wellness care policy publications has gradually increased,and more and more of which focus on the health of the elderly.The structure of policy objectives is unreasonable,with elderly care services accounting for 42.20%,health support accounting for 31.80%,and health and wellness care integration accounting for 25.99%.Conclusion China's health and wellness care policy has undergone a specific evolution process from scattered and vague to relatively integrated.It is suggested that the government should adopt a coordinated policy strategy,optimize the use structure of policy tools,strengthen the application of environmental policy tools and demand-based policy tools,achieve the balance and coordination of policy objectives,focus on promoting the integration of health and wellness care,formulate special health and wellness care policies,improve the matching degree and effectiv

关 键 词：康养政策 政策工具 政策阶段 政策目标 

分 类 号：R19-0[医药卫生—卫生事业管理]