基层传播的历史条件与双向运动  

Historical Conditions and Bidirectional Movement of People Communication

作　　者：张慧瑜 Zhang Huiyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学新闻与传播学院 [2]北京大学电视研究中心

出　　处：《东方学刊》2024年第4期87-98,126,共13页Dongfang Journal

摘　　要：基层传播是20世纪以来中国共产党在农村根据地时期(1927-1949年)形成的传播实践,是通过深入基层展开广泛的政治宣传、社会教育和文化建设等传播手段,实现“农村包围城市”的革命经验。基层传播的形成有两个历史条件:一是农村状态,面对非现代、非工业、非城市的环境进行基层化传播;二是战争状态,始终面临强大敌人的“围剿”。中国共产党在大众媒体资源匮乏的农村地区建立起基层传播网络,形成抵达基层群众的信息交流、物资流通的平台。从历史的角度看,基层传播包括双向运动:一是下乡,1927年从城市转移到乡村,把大众传播下沉到基层、转化为适合农村的传播方式,在这个过程中,基层传播的媒介、主体、内容和受众都经过改造,使其适应农村和战争环境;二是进城,1949年从乡村转移到城市,基于乡村的基层传播经验需要再度转移到城市,这种基层传播的“逆向”扩散同样需要媒介、主体、内容和受众的多重改造,使其适应城市和非战争(和平)状态。可以说,基层传播存在两种形态—一种是乡村基层传播的经验(去城市化),另一种是城市基层传播的经验(去乡村化),这两种经验有一致和重合的地方,也有冲突和差异,呈现出一种历史的“反复”状态,显示了20世纪中国基层传播经验的独特性和未完成性。People Communication is a communication practice formed by the Communist Party of China(CPC)in rural bases since the 20th century.During the period of rural bases from 1927 to 1949,extensive political communication,social education,and cultural construction were carried out through people communication means,realizing the revolutionary experience of"encircling the cities from the countryside",The formation of people communication has two historical conditions:first,the rural state,facing a non-modern,non-industrial,and non-urban environment for people communication;second,the state of war,always facing the encirclement and suppression of powerful enemies.The CPC established a people communication network in rural areas where mass media resources were scarce,realizing a platform for information exchange and material circulation reaching the grassroots masses.From a historical perspective,people communication has a bidirectional movement.One is going to the countryside,transferring from cities to villages in 1927,sinking mass communication to the grassroots and transforming it into a communication method suitable for rural areas.In this process,the media,subjects,content,and audiences of people communication have undergone transformation to adapt to the rural and war environment.The other is entering the city,transferring from villages to cities in 1949,based on the experience of rural people communication,which needs to be transferred to the city again.This"reverse"diffusion of people communication also requires multiple transformations of media,subjects,content,and audiences to adapt to urban and non-war(peaceful)conditions.It can be said that people communication exists in two forms:one is the experience of rural people communication(de-urbanization),and the other is the experience of urban people communication(de-ruralization).These two experiences have consistent and overlapping points,as well as conflicts and differences,presenting a historical"repetitive"state,showing the uniqueness and unfinished nature of

关 键 词：基层传播 中国式现代化 发展传播学 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]