美国国家民族凝聚力建设的三重张力:理念、结构与实践  

The Triple Tensions in the Construction of National Cohesion in the United States:Concepts,Structures and Practices

作　　者：谭萌 TAN Meng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《西北民族研究》2025年第2期58-74,共17页Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院“青启计划”项目“21世纪美国种族主义对国家凝聚力建设的影响研究”(编号:2024QQJH144);中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所创新工程所级重点课题“民族国家生成模式的类型学研究”(编号:2025MZSCX007)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国家民族凝聚力是现代多民族国家内向聚合力与外向吸引力的核心表征,在各国的建设实践中呈现差异化的叙事体系与治理效能。美国国家建设和社会发展深嵌于其多元族群的历史文化语境中,该国力图围绕“美国梦”促进国家团结及社会和谐,并在历史上开展了肯定性行动等国家民族凝聚力建设实践。随着系统性种族歧视的日渐复杂,美国国家民族凝聚力建设的政策目标与实际成效之间的张力更加明显,面临治理异化、群体分化、社会参与开放度下降、价值包容性削弱以及各族群观念认同整合难等挑战。在全球人口流动与文化交往日益复杂的背景下,建构历史与现实、理念与实践深度联结,且个体追求与多主体共识相契合、社会经济改善与精神文明发展相契合的国家民族凝聚力建设动态体系,成为多民族国家共同体建设的韧性所在。National cohesion represents both the inward unifying power and outward attraction of modern multi-ethnic states,which presents a differentiated narrative system and governance efficacy in the construction practice of each country.The nation-building and social development of the United States are deeply embedded in the historical and cultural context of its diverse racial and ethnic groups.The country strives to promote national unity and social harmony around the concept of the"American Dream",and historically has implemented practices like affirmative action to strengthen national cohesion.However,as systemic racial discrimination has grown increasingly complex,the tension between the policy goals and actual outcomes of U.S.nation-building and ethnic cohesion has intensified.The country faces challenges such as governance alienation,group fragmentation,decreased social participation,weakened value inclusivity,and difficulties in integrating the identity and beliefs of various ethnic groups.Against the backdrop of increasingly complex global mobility and cultural exchange,the construction of a dynamic system for national ethnic cohesionone that profoundly connects history with reality,ideals with practice,and aligns individual pursuits with a broader consensus,as well as socio-economic improvement with the development of spiritual civilizationbecomes the source of resilience in the construction of a multi-ethnic national community.

关 键 词：国家民族凝聚力 “美国梦” 种族主义 肯定性行动 共同体 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]