平台劳动者致人损害的责任分担研究  

Research on Liability Allocation for Damages Caused by Platform Workers

作　　者：沈建峰 Shen Jianfeng

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学法学院

出　　处：《中国应用法学》2025年第2期78-92,共15页China Journal of Applied Jurisprudence

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“全球视角下我国平台经济从业者劳动权益保障机制研究”(项目编号:20BFX189)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：平台劳动者致人损害的责任分担应立足平台用工存在多法律关系用工、多主体用工、多平台用工等特征,在《民法典》构建的“用人者责任”和“承揽人+定作人责任”二元分立的体系中展开。上述责任体系归入,应以管理和指示为标准,以用工事实为依据,通过整体判断来确定。在构成用人者责任时应遵循控制性标准,并结合平台用工特点判断平台劳动者活动是否构成“执行工作任务”;构成定作人责任还需要“完成工作任务中”和“定作人对定作、指示或者选任有过错”两个要件。在平台多主体用工构成共同用工主体时,如平台一方多主体之间可认定合伙关系,则多主体对外承担连带责任;如不构成合伙关系,则根据各自的管理程度或在选任、指示等方面的过错分担责任。多主体不构成共同用工主体的,在定作人责任的情况下,应根据平台一方各参与方是否存在定作、指示或者选任过错确定责任,都有过错的,根据无意思联络的共同侵权担责;在用人者责任的情况下,根据劳务派遣的规则确定平台一方责任。在劳动者多平台劳动时,区分时间接力的多平台劳动和时间同步的多平台劳动分别确定责任。The allocation of liability for damages caused by platform workers should be based on the characteristics of platform employment,which involve multiple legal relationships,multiple employing entities,and multi-platform engagements.This analysis should be conducted within the dual liability framework of"employer liability"and"contractor-client liability"established under the Civil Code.The determination of liability within this system should adhere to the standards of management and direction,grounded in factual employment relationships,through comprehensive assessment.When establishing employer liability,the controlling standard should be applied alongside platform employment characteristics to determine whether workers'activities constitute"performance of work tasks."For client liability,two elements must be satisfied:"during work task performance"plus"client fault in commissioning,instruction,or selection."Where multiple entities on the platform side constitute joint employers:1.If a partnership relationship exists between these entities,they bear joint and several liability.2.If no partnership exists,liability should be apportioned based on respective degrees of management control or faults in selection/instruction.Where multiple entities do not constitute joint employers:1.For client liability:Determine responsibility based on each platform participant's faults in commissioning,instruction,or selection.Shared fault triggers liability under the doctrine of non-consensual joint tort.2.For employer liability:Apply rules analogous to labor dispatch arrangements.For workers engaged across multiple platforms:Differentiate between sequential multi-platform employment(time-sequenced engagements)and concurrent multi-platform employment(simultaneous engagements)when assigning liability.

关 键 词：平台用工 用人者责任 定作人责任 责任分担 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]