北京城市形态格局组成及气候舒适度响应特征  

Composition of urban morphology and its relationshipwith climate comfort index in Beijing

作　　者：郑祚芳 高华 王耀庭 ZHENG Zuofang;GAO Hua;WANG Yaoting(Institute of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089,China;Key Laboratory of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京城市气象研究院,北京100089 [2]中国气象局城市气象重点开放实验室,北京100089

出　　处：《气象与环境学报》2025年第1期13-21,共9页Journal of Meteorology and Environment

基　　金：北京市自然科学基金(8202022);国家自然科学基金(42171337)共同资助。

摘　　要：城市形态格局组成对局地气象条件及城市人居环境具有重要影响。基于局地气候分区(LCZ)理论及2018—2022年自动气象站资料,分析了北京城市形态的组成、气候舒适度及主要影响因子分布特征,量化了城市不同功能区气象条件及人体舒适度的差异。结果表明:北京城区由10类建筑物下垫面及6类自然下垫面组成,建筑物下垫面占总面积的52.0%,其中开阔中层建筑(LCZ 5)面积占比最大,自然地表类型中分布最广的是低矮植被区(LCZ-D);影响气候舒适度的主要因子气温、相对湿度和风速在不同下垫面差异显著。北京春、夏、秋、冬季气候舒适感分别以“舒适”“热”“舒适”“寒冷”为主。在春、秋、冬三季,由于建筑物下垫面的物理属性及人为热排放,城市中心区具有更好的气候舒适性,夏季则相反;不同LCZ下垫面年平均人体感受为“舒适”的小时占比为32.5%~38.2%,排序为LCZ-A、LCZ-B、LCZ-G、LCZ-D、LCZ 7、LCZ 6、LCZ 5、LCZ 8、LCZ 4、LCZ-E、LCZ 3、LCZ 1、LCZ 2。自然下垫面气候舒适性优于建筑下垫面,开阔型建筑优于密集型建筑,高层建筑优于中、低层建筑。The composition of urban morphology has a significant impact on local meteorological conditions and urban living environment.Based on the local climate zones(LCZ)theory and the observational data of automatic weather station from 2018 to 2022,this study analyzed the composition of urban morphology and the distributions of climate comfort index and its main influencing factors in Beijing,and quantified the differences in meteorological conditions and human comfort index in different urban functional areas.The results indicate that the urban area of Beijing is composed of 10 types of building underlying surfaces and 6 types of natural underlying surfaces,and the building underlying surfaces account for 52.0%of the total area,among which the open mid-rise buildings(LCZ 5)has the greatest contribution and the low regatation area(LCZ-D)has the widest distribution in the natural surface type.The main factors affecting climate comfort index,such as air temperature,relative humidity,and wind speed,vary significantly across different LCZ underlying surfaces.In general,the climate comfort index is characterized by"comfortable","hot","comfortable",and"freezing cold"in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively.Due to the physical properties of building underlying surfaces and the impact of human heat emissions,urban central areas have better climate comfort index in spring,autumn,and winter,while it is opposite in summer.There is a proportion of 32.5%to 38.2%in the total time for human body feeling"comfortable"on various LCZ underlying surfaces,among which ranking in descending order as LCZ-A,LCZ-B,LCZ-G,LCZ-D,LCZ 7,LCZ 6,LCZ 5,LCZ 8,LCZ 4,LCZ-E,LCZ 3,LCZ 1,and LCZ 2.The climate comfort index is better on natural underlying surfaces than building underlying surfaces,and better on open building underlying surfaces than dense building underlying surfaces,also better for high-rise buildings than medium and low rise buildings.

关 键 词：气候舒适度 城市形态格局 局地气候分区 时空分异性 

分 类 号：P463.3[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]