黑龙江省玉米播种适宜气温和水分条件特征研究  

Study on the suitable temperature and soil moisture conditions for maize sowing in Heilongjiang province

作　　者：姜丽霞[1,2] 王晾晾 岳元[3] 赵放 陈可心 李秀芬 王秋京[1,2] 纪仰慧[1,2] JIANG Lixia;WANG Liangliang;YUE Yuan;ZHAO Fang;CHEN Kexin;LI Xiufen;WANG Qiujing;JI Yanghui(Heilongjiang Province Institute of Meteorological Science,Harbin 150030,China;Wuying National Climatological Observatory,Yichun 153000,China;Meteorological Observatory of Jilin Province,Changchun 130062,China;Harbin Meteorological Service,Harbin 150028,China;Meteorological Observatory of Heilongjiang Province,Harbin 150030,China)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省气象科学研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨150030 [2]五营国家气候观象台,黑龙江伊春153000 [3]吉林省气象台,吉林长春130062 [4]哈尔滨市气象局,黑龙江哈尔滨150028 [5]黑龙江省气象台,黑龙江哈尔滨150030

出　　处：《气象与环境学报》2025年第1期74-83,共10页Journal of Meteorology and Environment

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300201);黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2022D025);中国气象局创新发展专项(CXFZ2022J054)共同资助。

摘　　要：基于1981—2021年黑龙江省玉米主产区气象数据、玉米发育期及单产资料,选取气温和土壤水分2个要素,构建玉米播种期平均气温和0~10 cm土层旬土壤相对湿度序列,基于样本序列分布拟合的偏度、峰度检验法,采用置信区间估计方法构建黑龙江省玉米主产区玉米适宜播种气温和土壤水分指标,预留独立玉米播种样本进行验证,并分析不同播期产量差异。结果表明:研究区2012年、2014年、2016年玉米播期气象条件较好,2010年和2013年较差;所建指标能较好指示黑龙江省玉米播种气温和土壤水分适宜程度,玉米播种气温处于适宜、较适宜范围内的吻合率分别为76.6%、12.3%,土壤相对湿度分别为37.0%、45.6%;不同播期玉米产量存在不同程度差异,在于不同年份玉米全生育期内不同时期气象条件存在相互补偿机制,播种后出苗时间较长年份与较短的相邻年份相比,产量平均下降14.5%;2010年、2013年播种期气温和水分条件同时不适宜或者二者之一不适宜可能是导致玉米迟播的主要原因,与正常播种年份相比,代表站点产量下降4.4%~27.5%;播种期低温干旱、低温渍涝型等气温和水分条件不适宜玉米播种,影响玉米播后快速出苗,并易引起产量下降。Based on meteorological data,maize development period records and unit yield information from the primary maize producing areas in Heilongjiang province from 1981 to 2021,this study selected temperature and soil moisture as the key variables to construct the daily mean temperature and the relative soil moisture of ten days in 0~10 cm soil layer series for maize sowing.Based on the skewness-kurtosis test method of sample series distribution fitting,the suitable temperature and the relative soil moisture indicators were constructed by using the confidence interval estimation method for maize sowing in different regions of the main maize producing areas in Heilongjiang Province.An independent maize sowing samples was reserved for validation and yield differences associated with varying sowing dates were further analyzed.The results show that the meteorological conditions are favorable in 2012,2014,and 2016,but unfavorable in 2010 and 2013 during the maize sowing period.The developed indicators effectively capture the suitability of temperature and soil moisture conditions for maize sowing in Heilongjiang province.The indicators verify that the coincidence rates of the temperature for maize sowing are 76.6% and 12.3%,and the relative soil moisture are 37.0% and 45.6% within the appropriate and more appropriate ranges.There are significant variations in maize yield among different sowing dates,because there is a mutual compensatory mechanism for meteorological conditions throughout the growth period of maize in different years.Compared to adjacent years of shorter emergence time,the average yield decreases by 14.5% in years of longer emergence time after sowing.The main reason for the delayed sowing of maize is that the temperature and water conditions are both not suitable,or either is not suitable,during the sowing periods in 2010 and 2013,compared with normal sowing years,the yield reduction of 4.4% to 27.5% at representative stations.The temperature and soil moisture conditions such as low temperature and drought,

关 键 词：玉米 播种 气温 土壤水分 产量差异 

分 类 号：S162.1[农业科学—农业气象学]