季铵盐类化合物的淡水生物水质基准和生态风险评估研究进展  

Research Progress on Aquatic Life Water Criteria and Ecological Risk Assessment of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Freshwater

作　　者：汪梅 王琛[1] 郑国贸 白英臣[1] 吴丰昌[1] WANG Mei;WANG Chen;ZHENG Guomao;BAI Yingchen;WU Fengchang(State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China;College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen 518055,China)

机构地区：[1]中国环境科学研究院,环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室,北京100012 [2]南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院,广东深圳518055

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2025年第4期907-916,共10页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(No.2021YFC3200801)。

摘　　要：季铵盐类化合物(Quaternary Ammonium Compounds,QACs)是一类含有疏水烃链的阳离子表面活性剂,作为广谱高效的消毒剂被广泛应用于消毒和清洁产品中,已在全球多种地表水体中被检出。为科学评估QACs对水生态系统的潜在危害,系统总结其水质基准和生态风险评估研究现状,分析存在的问题和挑战。该研究通过文献调研,系统梳理QACs的污染特征、毒性效应及其作用机制,对比分析不同国家在基准推导与风险评估方面的研究进展和技术方法。结果表明:①目前仅有美国和加拿大针对二癸基二甲基氯化铵(Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride,DDACs)推导了水质基准值,其他国家尚未开展相关研究。②QACs即使在环境相关浓度下也可对水生生物产生内分泌干扰、繁殖抑制和神经毒性等多重效应,其中长碳链QACs如十六烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(Hexadecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride,BAC-C16)通常表现出更强的毒性。③QACs的水质基准研究面临着同系物种类复杂、基础毒性数据不足、推导方法选择受限等挑战。④全球范围内QACs的环境监测数据尤其是新型冠状病毒感染后的暴露数据明显缺乏,制约了其生态风险的科学评估。建议加强QACs的分子结构与毒性关系研究,完善不同同系物的分类评价体系,创新考虑结构相关性的基准推导方法,完善环境监测数据,促进国际合作与数据共享,为水环境质量的持续改善提供科学依据。Quaternary ammonium compounds(QACs)are cationic surfactants containing hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains that are widely used as broad-spectrum,highly effective disinfectants in cleaning and disinfection products.They have been detected in various surface water bodies globally.To scientifically assess the potential risks of QACs to aquatic ecosystems,this study systematically reviews the current status of water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment research,analyzing existing problems and challenges.Through a literature review,we systematically examined the pollution characteristics,toxic effects,and mechanisms of QACs,and comparatively analyzed different countries'research progress and technical methods in criteria derivation and risk assessment.The results show that:(1)Only the United States and Canada have derived water quality criteria for Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride(DDACs),while other countries have not yet conducted related research.(2)QACs can cause multiple effects on aquatic organisms even at environmentally relevant concentrations,including endocrine disruption,reproductive inhibition,and neurotoxicity,with long-chain QACs such as hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride(BAC-C16)typically exhibiting stronger toxicity.(3)Water quality criteria research for QACs faces challenges including complex homolog varieties,insufficient basic toxicity data,and limited derivation method options.(4)There is a notable lack of environmental monitoring data for QACs globally,especially exposure data since the coronavirus disease 2019,which constrains effective ecological risk assessment.It is recommended to strengthen research on the relationship between molecular structure and toxicity of QACs,improve the classification evaluation system for different homologs,innovate criteria derivation methods considering structural correlations,enhance environmental monitoring data,and promote international cooperation and data sharing,thereby providing scientific basis for continuous improvement of water environme

关 键 词：季铵盐类化合物(QACs) 同系物 水质基准 毒性效应 生态风险评估 

分 类 号：X824[环境科学与工程—环境工程]