重火器还是重骑射:清代南苑大阅的历史意义透视  

Mounted Archery or Firearms? A Research on the Large-scale Military Review at Nanyuan in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘文鹏[1] Liu Wenpeng

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期12-24,235,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：中国人民大学清史研究所高校人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD770059);成都市哲学社会科学研究基地项目(TZWC202302)。

摘　　要：与其他历代王朝一样,“大阅”也是清朝的一项重要军政活动。清朝诸帝在不断构建大阅礼制的同时,总是将大阅与平三藩、征准噶尔等国家重大军事活动相关联,使大阅具有鲜明的实用性与目的性。每次大阅,清朝在皇帝核心角色和特定观众角色的设计上费尽心机。虽然皇帝们,特别是高宗,始终都在强调保持骑射传统的重要性,但实际上在历次大阅中,火器部队无论在数量比例还是在阅兵演放内容上,都占据明显的主导地位,骑射反居其次。这种状况与清军在历次战争中对火器的优先使用一致,反映了清朝统治者非常务实的一面。Like other dynasties, the Da Yue(Large-scale Military Review) was also an important military and political activity in the Qing Dynasty. There was a rule of holding a large-scale military review every three years since the early Qing Dynasty, but none of the emperors followed it. With the process of improving the Da Yue system, they also associated it with other major military activities such as crackdown on the three feudatories and the conquest of Junggar, which made the large-scale military review practical and purposeful. Each time the Qing Dynasty made great efforts to emphasize the authority of the emperor, who played the central role and specific audience role in this ceremony. The emperors, especially Emperor Qianlong, always emphasized the importance of maintaining the tradition of horsemanship and archery. But in fact, it was the firearms troop that played an obvious dominant role both in terms of quantity and quality, while the horsemanship and archery part followed. This arrangement was consistent with the situation that the Qing army gave priority to the use of firearms in all wars. From this, we could recognize the multiple connotations of the Grand Inspections in the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：清朝 大阅 礼制 骑射 火器 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]