后票号时代:中国近代钱庄的汇划结算体系及其运作  

The Post-Piaohao Era:The Funds Transfer and Settlement System of Modern Chinese Native Banks and Its Operation

作　　者：左海军 Zuo Haijun

机构地区：[1]安徽大学徽学研究中心,合肥230039

出　　处：《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期38-53,236,共17页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：2023年度安徽省高校科研项目“明清至近代中国金融发展与徽商实证研究”(2023AH020010);2024年度安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题“明清徽商金融文化发展与制度创新研究”(2024CX118)。

摘　　要：19世纪末20世纪初,钱庄的汇划体系逐步取代票号的汇兑体系,是近代中国钱业发展的主要内容,同时也是中国金融结构演变的重要内容之一。明清以来,中国钱业的核心业务,先后经历了货币兑换、存放款、汇兑、信用发行等发展阶段。在不同历史阶段,钱业发挥的主要金融功能,取决于商品经济发展的总体水平和结构复杂程度。开埠以后,进出口贸易的发展,客观上要求钱业的金融制度不断发展完善,各项金融功能融合互补,从而为工商业提供更高效的资金融通和结算服务。与票号相比,近代钱庄体系具有更复杂的经济网络,庄票等信用票据在商业往来中被广泛接受,以汇划制度为核心构建了多层次的结算体系,这些优势使钱庄以转账、划拨为基础广泛参与贸易结算。清末民初,钱庄逐步取代票号是钱业内部核心金融功能与制度的迭代发展,在本质上最终体现为融资方式、融资效率的差异。At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the funds transfer system of the native banks gradually supplanted the remittance system of the Shanxi Piaohao( bill of exchange). This transition constituted a pivotal content of the development of the traditional financial industry in modern China, concurrently serving as one of the crucial elements in the evolution of China's financial structure. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the core business of traditional Chinese financial industry underwent a series of developmental stages, beginning with currency exchange, deposits and loans, remittance and credit issuance. At different historical stages, the predominant financial functions performed by the traditional financial industry had been contingent on the aggregate level of development of the commodity economy and the degree of structural complexity. Following the opening of ports, the development of import and export trade objectively necessitated the continuous development and improvement of the financial system of the traditional financial industry, as well as the integration and complementation of various financial functions, so as to provide more efficient capital financing and settlement services for industry and commerce. In comparison with the Shanxi Piaohao, the modern native bank system boasted a more intricate economic network. The banker's note and other credit instruments are extensively accepted in commercial transactions, and the funds transfer system serves as the core to establish a multi-level settlement system. These advantages enabled native banks to participate extensively in trade settlements based on funds transfer. In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republican periods, the gradual replacement of Shanxi Piaohao by native banks represented an iterative development of core financial functions and systems within the traditional financial industry. This process ultimately embodied the essence of the differences in financing methods and efficiency of financing.

关 键 词：钱庄 票号 信用发行 汇划结算 金融功能 迭代发展 

分 类 号：F832.9[经济管理—金融学]