马克思恩格斯所有制理论及其当代价值  

The Theory of Ownership by Marx and Engels and Its Contemporary Value

作　　者：汪赛 李正图 WANG Sai;LI Zheng-tu(Department of Scientific Socialism,Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C(National Academy of Governance),100091;School of Economics and Finance,Shanghai International Studies University,200083)

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)科学社会主义教研部,100091 [2]上海外国语大学国际金融贸易学院,200083

出　　处：《上海经济研究》2025年第3期14-29,共16页Shanghai Journal of Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“坚持和完善中国特色社会主义基本经济制度研究”[20AZD011]的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：马克思恩格斯所有制理论认为,所有制是关于劳动关系中人与人之间因为争夺稀缺的劳动材料和劳动资料而引起的财产矛盾及其冲突的制度。随着生产力的发展,人类劳动经历了自然分工基础上的共同劳动、单个家庭内部分工基础上的个体私人劳动和商品交换基础上社会分工的社会劳动,与之相应,形成了公社公有制、奴隶制和封建制、资本主义私有制和社会主义公有制。展望未来,随着生产力极大发展,劳动材料和劳动资料的稀缺性将转化为丰裕性,这时,劳动关系中人与人之间不再为了争夺劳动材料和劳动资料,与之相应的所有制也就失去了稀缺条件下的制度功能而自然走向灭亡,呈现为共产主义公有制。在马克思恩格斯所有制理论指引下,20世纪各社会主义国家在发展所有制经济问题上持续探索,苏联创立了国家所有制经济模式、南斯拉夫创立了自治的社会所有制模式、匈牙利创立了改良的国家所有制模式,这些模式既有成功之处,也积累了失败的教训,成为中国特色社会主义所有制理论和实践创新的重要借鉴。改革开放以来,中国共产党依托社会主义国家治理体系和治理能力优势,遵循马克思恩格斯创立的所有制理论,借鉴20世纪各社会主义国家在发展所有制经济上的经验和教训,在新中国成立以来至改革开放前既有探索基础上,展开了所有制理论和实践上的持续创新,形成了中国特色社会主义所有制理论和发展中国特色社会主义所有制经济的实践道路,真正体现了马克思恩格斯所有制理论的当代价值。According to the Marxist and Engels theory of ownership,ownership refers to the system of property conflicts and contradictions arising between individuals in labor relations due to competition for scarce labor materials and means of production.With the development of productive forces,human labor evolved from communal labor based on natural division of labor,individual private labor within family divisions,and social labor founded on commodity exchange and social division of labor.Corresponding,ownership systems included communal ownership,slavery and feudalism,capitalist private ownership,and socialist public ownership.Looking forward,as productive forces significantly advance,the scarcity of labor materials and means of production will transform into abundance.Consequently,interpersonal conflicts over labor materials will diminish,and the corresponding ownership systems will lose their function under conditions of scarcity,naturally evolving into communist public ownership.Guided by the Marxist theory of ownership,socialist countries in the 20th century continually explored ownership-based economic systems.The Soviet Union established the state ownership model,and Yugoslavia developed an autonomous social ownership model,and Hungary introduced a reformed state ownership model.These models had both successes and failures,offering important lessons for the development and innovation of China's socialist ownership theory and practice.Since the Reform and Opening-up,the Communist Party of China has leveraged the governance framework and capabilities of the socialist state,adhering to the Marxist theory of ownership and drawing on the experiences and lessons from 20th-century socialist countries.Building on previous explorations from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the pre-reform period,China has continuously innovated in ownership theory and practice,creating a uniquely Chinese socialist ownership theory and pathway for developing a socialist ownership economy,thereby demonstrating the contempora

关 键 词：所有制理论 劳动模式 当代价值 中国特色 

分 类 号：F0-0[经济管理—政治经济学]