温度对轮台小白杏授粉生物学的影响  

Effects of temperature on the pollination biology of Luntai Xiaobai apricot

作　　者：谢李星 田宝莲 唐章虎[4] 朱宗财 阿布来克·尼牙孜[5] 张大海[4] 罗术东[1,2,6] XIE Lixing;TIAN Baolian;TANG Zhanghu;ZHU Zongcai;Abulaike·Niyazi;ZHANG Dahai;LUO Shudong(Institute of Apicultural Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects,Beijing 100093,China;Biotechnology Research Institute,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China;College of Agronomy,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,Xinjiang,China;Institute of Horticulture Crops,Xinjianng Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,Xinjiang,China;Institue of Agricultural Sciences of Turpan,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Turpan 838000,Xinjiang,China;Western Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changji 831100,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所·资源昆虫高效养殖与利用全国重点实验室,北京100093 [2]新疆农垦科学院生物技术研究所,新疆石河子832000 [3]新疆农业大学农学院,乌鲁木齐830052 [4]新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所,乌鲁木齐830091 [5]新疆农业科学院吐鲁番农业科学研究所,新疆吐鲁番838000 [6]中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心,新疆昌吉831100

出　　处：《果树学报》2025年第4期802-814,共13页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：新疆生产建设兵团农业科技创新工程专项(NCG202317);新疆杏产业技术体系(XJCYTX-01)。

摘　　要：【目的】探讨温度对轮台小白杏授粉生物学的影响,为确定轮台小白杏的人工辅助授粉时机提供理论依据。【方法】在田间情况下,采用人工定时调查的方法初步明确轮台小白杏开花进程,并利用联苯胺-过氧化氢法了解花后不同时间段花朵柱头的可授性,探明人工辅助授粉对轮台小白杏坐果率的影响。结合2024年田间实测温度及历年花期温度数据,在室内模拟轮台小白杏开花时的环境温度,探究不同温度对轮台小白杏柱头可授性和授粉品种花粉活力的影响。【结果】大田试验结果表明,轮台小白杏从开花5%到开花50%耗时为10 h,而从开花5%到开花90%仅耗时22 h;1 d中,轮台小白杏的集中开放时段为10:00—16:00,在花后2~3 h具有强可授性。室内模拟试验表明,高温或低温都会降低柱头的可授性,18/22℃时,轮台小白杏的柱头强可授期相对较长,低温使强可授性延迟出现,而高温会缩短柱头可授期。18~22℃有利于花粉的萌发,其中22℃为最适花粉萌发和花粉管伸长的温度。人工辅助授粉试验表明,使用苏勒坦杏授粉后可将轮台小白杏坐果率提高至62.28%。【结论】轮台小白杏开花速度快且集中,田间柱头强可授期短,即最佳授粉窗口期短,但适宜温度有利于维持柱头强可授性。人工辅助授粉可以显著提高轮台小白杏坐果率,但需要研发一种高效快速的授粉技术,以确保在有限的可授期内完成授粉。【Objective】The study aimed to investigate the influence of temperature on the pollination biology of Luntai Xiaobai apricot(Prunus armeniaca L.)in order to provide a theoretical foundation for determining the optimal timing for artificially assisted pollination.【Methods】The dynamic flowering of Luntai Xiaobai apricot was observed and recorded from March to April 2024.At the same time,the stigma receptivity in different times since the flowers blossomed in the field were evaluated.Subsequently,Suletan apricot was utilized to pollinate Luntai Xiaobai apricots,and the fruit setting rate was investigated in the end of April.Seven different temperature treatments(10,14,18,22,28,32,and 36℃)were established to identify the effect of temperature on the receptivity of the stigma.During the blooming stage of Luntai Xiaobai apricot,we collected vigorous inflorescence branches by systematically removing the already opened flowers and retaining only those about to open.The branches were cultured at the mentioned temperatures above for 120 hours.The stigma receptivity was evaluated hourly using benzidine-hydrogen peroxide during the first 6 hours after flowering.Then,the stigma receptivity was assessed at 24-hour intervals.At the same time,we also investigated the effect of different temperatures(10,14,18,22,28,32,and 36℃)on the pollen viability of Suletan apricot.【Results】The overall flowering of Luntai Xiaobai apricot was fast and concentrated.It only took 10 hours for flowering from 5%to 50%,and 22 hours from 5%to 90%.Additionally,the Luntai Xiaobai apricot predominantly flowered from 10:00 to 16:00.The number of Luntai Xiaobai apricot flowers increased gradually from 10:00 to 16:00 but decreased significantly from 16:00 to 20:00.There was a significant correlation between the number of Luntai Xiaobai apricot flowers and temperature(p<0.01),and the correlation coefficient was 0.58.The stigma receptivity exhibited a"low-high-low"trend over time.Under field conditions in 2024,Luntai Xiaobai apricot displayed h

关 键 词：轮台小白杏 授粉生物学 柱头可授性 杂交亲和性 花粉活力 

分 类 号：S662.2[农业科学—果树学]