耐极端烧蚀环境C/C复合材料研究进展  

Research progress of C/C composites resistant to extreme ablation environments

作　　者：曾耀莹 王润宁 侯佳琪 张雨雷[1] 张佳平[1] 李贺军[1] ZENG Yaoying;WANG Running;HOU Jiaqi;ZHANG Yulei;ZHANG Jiaping;LI Hejun(State Key Laboratory of Ultra High Temperature Composite Materials,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China)

机构地区：[1]西北工业大学超高温结构复合材料重点实验室,西安710072

出　　处：《航空学报》2025年第6期358-378,共21页Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52293370,52272044,52432003);国家科技重大专项(J2022-Ⅵ-0011-0042)。

摘　　要：C/C复合材料是空天飞行器热端部件关键的热结构材料,但高温易氧化烧蚀特性限制了其在极端环境下的应用。因此,如何提高C/C复合材料的抗烧蚀性能尤为重要。系统综述了近年来国内外抗烧蚀C/C复合材料的研究进展,围绕基体改性、涂层防护和基体改性-涂层一体化3个方面展开阐述。在基体改性方面,基于组元特性差异将材料分为单相陶瓷、复相陶瓷、多组元及高熵陶瓷改性C/C复合材料,揭示了陶瓷氧化产物的阻氧抗烧蚀机制。涂层技术重点剖析了单层涂层、多层梯度复合涂层、微/纳结构增韧涂层及嵌入结构界面涂层的设计原理与烧蚀行为,阐明了界面匹配优化对于缓解涂层热失配和抗烧蚀性能的作用机理。最后,面向极端烧蚀环境应用需求展望了C/C复合材料在氧化烧蚀机理分析、复合材料的结构和组分优化、构件的功能设计及高效低成本制备工艺等方面的发展方向。C/C composites are key thermal structural materials for hot-end components of aerospace vehicles.However,their susceptibility to oxidation and ablation at high temperatures limits their applications in extreme environ ments.Therefore,it is particularly important to improve the ablation resistance of C/C composites.The research progress of anti-ablation C/C composites at home and abroad in recent years are systematically reviewed,focusing on 3 aspects:matrix modification,coating protection,and matrix-coating integration.In terms of matrix modification,based on the differences in component characteristics,it is divided into single-phase ceramics,multiphase ceramics,multi-component and high-entropy ceramics modified C/C composites,revealing oxygen blocking and anti-ablation mechanisms of oxidation products of ceramics.The coating technology focuses on analyzing the design principles and ablation behaviors of single-layer coatings,multi-layer composite coatings with gradient structure,micro/nano structure toughened coatings,and coatings with embedded structure interface,clarifying the mechanisms of interface matching optimization in alleviating thermal mismatch of coatings and ablation behaviors.Finally,according to the application requirements for extreme ablation environments,the future development directions for C/C composites are proposed,including oxidation and ablation mechanism analysis,optimization of structure and composition of composite materials,functional design of components,and cost-effective fabrication processes.

关 键 词：C/C复合材料 抗烧蚀性能 超高温陶瓷 涂层 基体改性 

分 类 号：V254[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程] TB332[航空宇航科学与技术—航空宇航制造工程]