游牧集团与自然等级:马长寿的民族理论研究  

Nomadic Groups and Natural Hierarchies:A Study on Ma Changshou’s Ethnic Theory

作　　者：李甜 郭金华[1] LI Tian;GUO Jin-hua(Department of Sociology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系,北京100871

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期26-39,共14页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“中华民族共同体建设专项大数据采集与研究”(项目编号:22JJD850014)。

摘　　要：马长寿一生都关切中国的边疆少数民族问题,尤其是对边疆民族和汉族关系的思考,一直贯穿马长寿的学术生涯,从早期在川康边区少数民族地区的实地调查,到后期对北方游牧民族思想史的研究,都一脉相承,并涉及对游牧民族和农耕民族关系之理解。文章试图通过揭示马长寿关于游牧民族和农耕民族的自然等级观,理解马长寿的民族研究理论,以期提供不同的认识边疆民族的文明视野。文章简要论述了学界对游牧社会的讨论,主要涉及拉铁摩尔的游牧生计论与埃文斯-普里查德的游牧民理论,以及游牧民族和毗邻民族之关系,彝族也被马长寿放置于这个理论框架中来讨论。文章分析了黑彝游牧群体和主要从事农耕的白彝群体之间的结构关系以及彝族的有机社会组成,论述了彝族中的统治阶层即黑彝贵族作为军事集团的性质,从神话、亲属制度和称谓揭示了其二分婚的对偶组织结构,而这个结构在其他游猎民族,如通古斯人中也是同样存在的。马长寿的理论关怀以及在学科史中的贡献对今天边疆学的深化有所裨益。Ma Changshou was concerned throughout his life with the issues of China's ethnic minorities in frontier areas,with a particular focus on the relationship between Han and frontier minority groups.From his early field research in the ethnic minority areas along the Sichuan-Xikang border region to his later study on the intellectual history of the nomadic peoples of the north,Ma Changshou's work remained consistent with this focus,and has always involved an understanding of the relationship between nomadic and agrarian peoples.This article aims to explore Ma Changshou's views on the hierarchies between nomadic and agrarian peoples,shedding light on his theory of ethnic studies and offering a new civilized perspective on the understanding of ethnic minorities in frontier areas.The article briefly reviews the academic discussions surrounding nomadic societies,including Lattimore's study of pastoral economy,Evans-Pritchard's theory of nomads,and the interactions between nomadic and agrarian peoples.Ma Changshou also places the Yi people within this theoretical framework for analysis.The article examines the structural relationship between the Black Yi nomadic groups and the agrarian groups that are predominantly White Yi,as well as the organic social composition of the Yi.It discusses the militaristic nature of the Yi ruling class,the Black Yi nobility,as a military group,and reveals their dual organizational structure of the binary marriage in terms of mythologies,kinship systems,and titles.This structure is also observed among other nomadic groups,such as the Tungus.Ma Changshou's theoretical concerns and contributions to the disciplinary history should be beneficial to the further development of frontier studies today.

关 键 词：马长寿 彝族研究 游牧 自然等级 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]