汉唐天马、清之寻常:西域天马由名入实的历史进程  

Heavenly Horses in the Han and Tang Dynasties Becoming Common in the Qing Dynasty:The Historical Process of Heavenly Horse Shifting from Name to Reality

作　　者：李高峰 LI Gaofeng

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《民俗研究》2025年第2期81-91,159,共12页Folklore Studies

摘　　要：自汉武帝遣李广利两征大宛,斩其王首,获汗血马,作《西极天马之歌》,天马西来成为其后历代王朝的一个信仰与盛举。外可显示经略西域之功,怀柔远人之德。内可充天闲,以张威仪;改良马种,以佐军用。国家兴衰有常,历代王朝的西域天马指向也不尽相同。再则西域遥远,经略不易。尤其汉唐,西域战事迭起,天马朝贡亦无定数。迨至清朝,新疆重归版籍,哈萨克、布鲁特俱入藩属体系,绢马贸易重启,天马西来才真正成为一种常态。西域天马不再仅仅养于天闲,画于笔端;更泛养于马厂之中,为营兵所驱;耕作于阡陌之间,为农夫所使。历代孜孜以求的西域天马至此由名转实,化作寻常。在边疆内地化的进程中,诸多对异域边缘的玄幻叙事最终不可避免地回归现实。这是一个愈加清晰的真实地理空间对过往模糊的文化想象空间的挤压过程。Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent General Li Guangli to fight against Dayuan twice,killing their king,obtaining heavenly horses,and writing a“Song of Westernmost Heavenly Horse”(Xiji Tianma Zhige西极天马之歌),the heavenly horses from the west had become a belief and a grand event for successive dynasties in the Central Plains.Externally,it demonstrates the achievements in managing the Western Regions and the virtue of pacifying distant people.Internally,it serves to enhance the imperial dignity and improve the military horses.The rise and fall of dynasties are a constant,and the focus of each dynasty on the heavenly horses from the west varies.Moreover,the Western Regions are distant and difficult to govern.Even during the Han and Tang Dynasties,wars in the Western Regions were frequent,and the tribute of heavenly horses was unpredictable.By the Qing Dynasty,Xinjiang was reintegrated into the territory,and the Kazak and Brute were incorporated into the tributary system.And the silk-horse trade between China and the outside world restarted,and the arrival of heavenly horses from the west finally became a regular occurrence.The Heavenly Horses from the Western Regions were no longer just kept in the imperial stables or depicted in paintings;they were also bred in horse farms for soldiers to ride and used in the fields by farmers.The heavenly horses which had been sought for generations finally shifted from name to reality and became ordinary.In the process of the borderland's internalization,many mystical narratives about the distant and marginal eventually and inevitably returned to reality.This is a process in which the increasingly clear real geographical space gradually squeezes the previously vague cultural imaginary space.

关 键 词：天马 哈萨克 大宛 西域 文化空间 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]