“数字劳动”究竟属于何种性质的劳动?——对马克思生产劳动理论的再阐发  

What Type of Labor Does “Digital Labor” Belong to: Reinterpreting Marx’s Theory of Productive Labor

作　　者：蔡超 CAI Chao(School of Marxism,Huazhong University of Science and Technology;Institute of National Governance,Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学马克思主义学院 [2]华中科技大学国家治理研究院

出　　处：《河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期12-20,共9页Journal of Hohai University:Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目(24CKS008)。

摘　　要：数字经济的蓬勃发展引发了关于“数字劳动”的争论。要准确把握“数字劳动”的性质,必须回到马克思的生产劳动理论。在马克思看来,劳动的“生产性”首先是相对于资本而言的,同时,生产性劳动属于一种“力的作用过程”,遵循着质料变换法则。在资本主义生产方式占主导的社会,应把生产劳动界定为在社会再生产过程中承担生产职能的雇佣劳动。之所以产生有关生产劳动理论的诸多理论纷争,主要原因如下:一是马克思在研究中不断深化了广义社会再生产研究,导致不同时期的经典文本中关于生产劳动概念缺少明确且统一的界定;二是现代社会中服务业部类的快速发展,给全面把握生产劳动理论带来了现实遮蔽;三是生产劳动理论潜在蕴含着对非生产劳动存在合理性的质疑,具有社会批判意味,从而引起很多既存秩序维护者的本能反对。只有明确马克思的生产劳动理论,才能把握劳动价值理论和剩余价值理论的真义。坚持马克思的生产劳动理论,对促进经济社会健康发展同样具有重要的现实指导意义,从实践层面来说,应实时关注劳动人口就业结构的变动,综合评估服务业发展带来的经济社会效应,并推动构建合理的“分工-分配”秩序。The booming development of the digital economy has sparked debates on“digital labor”.To accurately grasp the nature of“digital labor”,we must return to Marx’s theory of productive labor.In Marx’s view,the“productivity”of labor is first and foremost relative to capital,and productive labor belongs to a“process of force”that follows the law of material transformation.In a society dominated by the capitalist mode of production,productive labor should be defined as wage labor that assumes production functions in the process of social reproduction.The theoretical disputes surrounding the theory of productive labor arise primarily for the following reasons.First,Marx progressively deepened his study of social reproduction in a broad sense in his research,leading to the lack of a clear and unified definition of the concept of productive labor in the classic texts of different periods.Second,the rapid development of service sectors in modern society has obscured a comprehensive understanding of the theory of productive labor.Third,the theory of productive labor potentially contains doubts about the rationality of non-productive labor,carrying socio-critical implications that provoke instinctive opposition from defenders of the existing order.Only by clarifying Marx’s theory of productive labor can we grasp the true essence of the surplus value theory of the labor value theory.Additionally,adhering to Marx’s theory of productive labor has important practical significance for promoting healthy socio-economic development.From a practical perspective,it is imperative to monitor changes in the employment structure of the working population in real time,comprehensively evaluate the socio-economic effects of the development of the service industry,and advance the construction of a reasonable“division of labor-distribution”order.

关 键 词：生产劳动 非生产劳动 资本积累 剩余价值 服务劳动 无谓耗费 

分 类 号：F014.2[经济管理—政治经济学]