论征用的客体  

On the Object of Requisition

作　　者：高飞[1] 贾怀愉 Gao Fei;JiaHuaiyu

机构地区：[1]广东外语外贸大学土地法制研究院 [2]广东外语外贸大学法学院

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2025年第2期121-131,共11页Law and Modernization

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“土地要素市场化配置改革中增值收益分配法治问题研究”(21BFX082)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国以宪法中财产法秩序为基础塑造了征用法律制度体系。基于宪法规范的概括性以及现行法律法规中的征用规则极为零散和原则,应当明确征用的客体范围,理清应急物资的可能类型,以便为行政机关征用权的高效行使提供指引。征用的客体需要具备消除紧急状态的客观必要性、满足应急目的的即时支配性和限制征用客体的伦理正当性等基本特性。不动产和动产是最常见的征用客体,其中不可重复使用的消费物、临时过境行政机关管辖区域的物资均能够成为征用的客体。知识产权中的专利权因紧急状态或者非常情况而实施强制许可的决定,在本质上属于征用的一种特殊类型。作为新型财产的数据财产在形态上较为特殊,但其能够成为准占有的客体,从而符合征用客体的基本属性。在征用用益物权可以实现所欲达到的目标时,不应当以不动产所有权人为征用相对人,以免额外增加不动产所有权人的负担。担保物权因其以确保债权实现为目的,支配的是担保物的交换价值,不具有使用担保物或以担保物收益的内容,且在担保物被征用时可基于物上代位性保障自身权益实现,故担保物权不是征用的客体。China's legal system of requisition is shaped on the basis of the property law order established by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.Given that the constitutional norms are general while rules of requisition are extremely fragmented and vague,it is necessary to clarify the scope of object subject to requisition and identify possible types of emergency materials to provide instructions to the effective exercise of the requisition power by administrative authorities.This article argues that the object of requisition should bear certain elementary characteristics:(1)objective necessity to eliminate the state of emergency;(2)immediate control to satisfy the purpose of the emergency;and(3)moral legitimacy to limit the object of requisition.Real estate and movable property are the most common objects of requisition,among which non-reusable consumer goods and goods in temporal transit of areas subject to administrative authorities shall become objects of requisition.In intellectual property,compulsory licensing decisions due to emergencies represent a special form of requisition.Data as a new type of property may qualify as quasi-possession,thus meeting the basic attributes of requisition objects,despite its unique form.When the requisition of usufruct achieves the desired goal,the owner of real estate should not be the counterparty of the requisition in order not to increase the burden of the owner of real estate additionally.The security right is not an object of requisition because it does not have the content of the use of the security or the proceeds of the security by aiming at ensuring the realization of the claim,governing the exchange value of the security and guaranteeing the realization of its own rights and interests based on the subrogation in rem in requisition.

关 键 词：征用 应急法治 征用客体 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]