论法定刑修改的溯及力——最小单位、判断标准和实践对策  

On the Retroactive Application of Statutory Sentence Amendments:Minimal Units,Evaluation Standards,and Practical Strategies

作　　者：步超凡 Bu Chaofan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2025年第2期132-148,共17页Law and Modernization

摘　　要：法定刑修改涉及具体个罪的法定刑和单个的罪刑条文两个层面。在立法活性时代,法定刑的修改给刑法溯及力的判断带来了诸多不同类型的难题。为了充分贯彻从旧兼从轻原则有利于被告人的价值理念,应当允许对新旧刑法条文进行交叉援引。但是,应当以完全法条为限度,既不得割裂主刑与附加刑,也不得割裂罪状与法定刑。罪刑法条处刑较轻的判断标准应当以具体的法定刑说为基础,以宣告刑说为补充。如果可以判断法定刑的轻重,则以具体的法定刑说为准,仅当难以判断法定刑轻重时,例外地以量刑结果判断处刑较轻。对于单纯的法定刑修改和单个罪刑条文修改中的各种疑难问题,据此可以恰当地进行刑法溯及力的判断。Amendments to statutory sentences encompass two levels:the statutory sentences for specific offenses and the individual provisions on crime and punishment.In an era of active legislation,these amendments pose a variety of challenges in determining the retroactive application of criminal law.To fully uphold the principle of retroactivity favoring the defendant by observing old laws and new ones with lighter punishment,cross-referencing between old and new criminal law provisions should be allowed.However,such cross-referencing must be confined to complete legal provisions,avoiding the separation of principal and supplementary penalties as well as the separation of criminal elements and statutory sentences.The standard for determining the provision with a more lenient penalty should primarily rely on the specific statutory sentence theory,supplemented by the declared sentence theory.When the severity of the statutory sentence can be clearly assessed,the specific statutory sentence theory should take precedence.Only in cases where the severity cannot be determined should the sentencing outcome be used as an exception to identify the provision with the lighter penalty.This framework provides guidance for appropriately evaluating the retroactive application of criminal law in cases involving either simple statutory sentence amendments or individual modifications to provisions on crime and punishment.

关 键 词：从旧兼从轻 法定刑修改 交叉援引 完全法条 宣告刑说 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]