内丹术与外丹术交替的定性和定量考察  

Qualitative and quantitative study on the alternations of internal and external alchemy

作　　者：吴国居 WU Guoju(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《中华中医药杂志》2025年第3期1025-1029,共5页China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy

摘　　要：唐宋时期,外丹术衰落,内丹术兴起。基于道藏文本的定量与定性研究,清楚地揭示了外丹的毒性,“水银、丹砂、三黄、铅”作为最常用的炼丹原料,含有的“汞、砷、铅、硫”等元素对人体有巨大危害。丹家虽意识到丹毒的危害,但是理论辩护和实践去毒的努力未能显著见效,道教内外均对“服丹而仙”的理念产生质疑。此时,与外丹共享理论、术语和目标的内丹术开始了由“服外气”向“服内气”的转变,安全高效的“胎息”实践取代了之前充满风险的“闭气”操作。加之,修道者试图用“内丹未成”作为外丹失效的特设性假说,促进了内丹术的迅速发展。During the Tang and Song dynasties,external alchemy declined while internal alchemy flourished.Quantitative and qualitative studies based on the texts of the Taoist canon clearly revealed the toxicity of external chemical substances.Mercury,cinnabar,three types of yellow minerals and lead,as the most commonly used ingredients in alchemy,contain elements such as mercury,arsenic,lead and sulfur,which are highly harmful to the human body.Although alchemists were aware of the dangers of toxicity,their theoretical justifications and efforts to detoxify practices did not yield significant results.As the result,many cases of poisoning or death occured.This caused both within and outside the Taoist community to question the belief in achieving immortality.At this time,internal alchemy,which shares theories,terminology,and goals with external alchemy,began a transition from'absorbing external qi'to'absorbing internal qi',which makes safe and efficient'embryonic respiration'practices replace the previously risky“holding one's breath”operation.Additionally,practitioners attempted to use the internal alchemy not yet complete'as a contingent hypothesis to explain the failure of external alchemy,which accelerated the rapid development of internal alchemy.

关 键 词：外丹 毒性 内丹 服气 特设性假说 

分 类 号：B958[哲学宗教—宗教学]