黄河干流生态健康评价研究  

Ecological health assessment of the Yellow River mainstream

作　　者：张向徐 韩美 徐婷 孔祥伦 孙金欣 朱纹君 ZHANG Xiangxu;HAN Mei;XU Ting;KONG Xianglun;SUN Jinxin;ZHU Wenjun(College of Geography and Enviroment,Shandong Normal University,Characteristic Laboratory for Soil and Water Resources Protection and High Quality Development in the Yellow River Delta,Jinan 250358,China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学地理与环境学院黄河三角洲水土资源保护和高质量发展特色实验室,济南250358

出　　处：《地理学报》2025年第3期661-677,共17页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(21BGL026)。

摘　　要：黄河是中国北方重要的生态安全屏障,科学评价其干流生态健康状况,指出今后需解决的关键问题,对探究大型河流环境综合管理具有重要意义。根据生态系统类型确定干流分段断面,将其对应流域作为评价区,构建了包括水质、水文、生物和生境4个准则层的生态健康评价指标体系。探索解决了部分传统评价难点,包括:使用可变下渗容量模型(VIC)还原天然月径流量;采用体现区域特色的多标准水沙搭配评价;通过基于主坐标分析(PCoA)与模糊C聚类(FCM)的综合评价模型,将健康评级转化为样本分类问题,降低了主观影响。最终得到2021年黄河各评价区整体生态健康状况,结果表明:①各评价区健康度空间异质性明显,自高到低依次为河源区、宁蒙区、小北干流区、下游区、兰州区和北干流区;从健康分类来看,河源区分类为良,宁蒙区、小北干流区、下游区、兰州区和北干流区分类为中。②水质状况基本满足生态环境需要。③生态流量匮乏的时期集中在8月,较20世纪中叶,年内流量分配变化巨大。④人类活动造成了河岸带破碎度增加、纵向连通性降低和地表植被覆盖度提升等多方面影响。⑤鱼类多样性大幅降低,鱼类结构正在向耐受性演变。建议重点关注支流水污染、夏季生态流量保障两方面,并做好生物栖息地保护与修复工作。The Yellow River is an important ecological security barrier in northern China.Scientifically evaluating the ecological health status of its mainstream and pointing out the key problems to be solved in the future are of great significance to explore the comprehensive management of large-scale river environment.Based on ecosystem types,this study defines segmented sections of the mainstream and their corresponding basins as evaluation areas,and subsequently develops an ecological health evaluation index system comprising four criteria layers:water quality,hydrology,biology,and habitat.Some issues of traditional evaluation were explored and resolved,including:using the variable infiltration capacity model(VIC)to restore natural monthly runoff,and adopting multi-criteria water sediment matching evaluation to reflect regional characteristics.Through the comprehensive evaluation model based on principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)and fuzzy C clustering(FCM),the health rating is transformed into a sample classification problem,which reduces the subjective impact.The results show that:(1)The water quality of the mainstream can meet the needs of the ecological environment.(2)The period of lack of ecological flow is concentrated in August.Compared with the mid-20th century,the annual flow distribution changes greatly.(3)Human activities have had many impacts on the mainstream habitat,including increasing the fragmentation of the riparian zone,reducing the vertical connectivity,and improving the surface vegetation coverage.(4)In recent decades,the mainstream has lost most of its fish diversity(about 40%in the middle and upper reaches and about 70%in the lower reaches),and the fish structure is evolving towards tolerance.(5)The spatial heterogeneity of health degree in each evaluation area is obvious,and the order from high to low is Heyuan District,Ningmeng District,Xiaobeiganliu District,Xiayou District,Lanzhou District,and Beiganliu District.From the perspective of health classification,Heyuan District is classified as goo

关 键 词：黄河干流 生态健康 VIC模型 RULSE模型 FCM模型 评价指标 

分 类 号：X826[环境科学与工程—环境工程]