冲积扇发育机制和地貌效应的研究现状与展望  

Development processes and geomorphic effects of alluvial fans:Current research progress and future perspectives

作　　者：余国安[1] 侯伟鹏 YU Guo'an;HOU Weipeng(Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China;College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、中国科学院陆地水循环与地表过程重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京100049

出　　处：《地理学报》2025年第3期694-711,共18页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42371015);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0903)。

摘　　要：冲积扇是山区河流(或沟谷)出口常见的扇形堆积地貌形态。发育成熟、稳定的冲积扇是山区生产生活的良好区域,但同时也是山洪、泥石流等灾害的潜在易发区。冲积扇研究有助于理解区域环境、地貌演变动态和规律,促进山洪、泥石流灾害合理防控,具有重要的科学价值和实践意义。尽管国内外对冲积扇已开展大量研究探索,但多侧重于地貌形态、沉积历史/特征及环境反演,而对其发育机制及地貌效应等的揭示总体上仍较为滞后。本文系统梳理和总结目前冲积扇动力过程、发育机制及地貌动态研究的主要进展,包括当前研究的主导技术路线(野外调查和模型实验),扇体发育的主要/次要过程、流路改道机制、支流—主河相互作用,以及冲积扇发育对泥沙产输和地貌过程的影响;并探讨未来研究应加强的若干方面。冲积扇发育动力过程的野外原型观测目前仍较为薄弱,作为野外调查和模型实验研究不可或缺的重要补充,这方面的工作亟待加强,以拓展和深化冲积扇发育机制研究,促进对区域河流泥沙动态和地貌过程的科学认识。Alluvial fans are common fan-shaped depositional landforms that develop at the outlets of mountain rivers or gullies.Mature and stable alluvial fans are important areas for both human habitation and production in mountainous regions,but they also pose potential hazards associated with flash floods and debris flows.Research on alluvial fans enhances our understanding of regional environmental dynamics and geomorphic evolution,as well as contributes to the mitigation of flood and debris-flow hazards.Therefore,it holds significant scientific value and practical importance.Although considerable research has been conducted on alluvial fans,both domestically and internationally,in recent decades,much of it has focused on geomorphology(morphometry),sedimentary history and characteristics,and historical environmental reconstruction(or inversion).Investigations into the mechanisms of fan development and their geomorphic effects remain relatively underexplored.This review systematically summarizes the key advancements in the research on the dynamic processes,mechanisms,and morphodynamics of alluvial fan development.We first provide an overview of current technical approaches applied in the study of alluvial fans,including field investigations and model experiments.Then,we summarize four critical aspects of fan dynamics processes and development mechanisms:primary and secondary processes;mechanisms of flow channel avulsion;interactions between tributary and main rivers;and the impact of alluvial fan development on sediment production,transport,and geomorphic processes.Finally,we discuss several areas that require further attention in future research.Currently,field observations and monitoring of the dynamic processes of alluvial fan development are inadequate.As an essential complement to post-event field surveys and experimental model research,there is an urgent need to enhance field observations in order to expand and deepen our understanding of alluvial fan development mechanisms.This will promote scientific insights int

关 键 词：冲积扇 动力过程 发育机制 地貌效应 野外原型观测 

分 类 号：P931.3[天文地球—自然地理学]