黄河下游平滩流量的影响因素与复杂响应  

Influencing Factors and Complex Response of Bankfull Discharge of the Lower Yellow River

作　　者：吴保生[1] 郑珊 沈逸 马子普 WU Baosheng;ZHENG Shan;SHEN Yi;MA Zipu(State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;School of Civil Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京100084 [2]天津大学建筑工程学院,天津300072

出　　处：《应用基础与工程科学学报》2025年第1期145-157,共13页Journal of Basic Science and Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3206201);国家自然科学基金项目(U2243218,52079095)。

摘　　要：在分析黄河下游1950~2021年水沙条件与河床冲淤演变特点的基础上,探讨了不同时期平滩流量与来水来沙、河床边界及下游基准面之间的复杂响应关系.研究结果表明:平滩流量与汛期滑动平均来水量和来沙系数的4年滑动平均值之间分别具有较好的正相关和负相关关系,对平滩流量具有决定性作用;与单位河长累计淤积量及床沙中值粒径之间分别呈较好的负相关和正相关关系,体现了平滩流量与河床边界之间的内在联系;与利津同流量水位和尾闾河长之间具有较好的负相关关系,体现了河口变化对平滩流量的影响.小浪底水库运用以来,黄河下游河床粗化严重,冲刷效率降低,平滩流量增速趋缓.总体来看,平滩流量与不同影响因素之间在同一时期多具有较好的相关关系,但在不同时期却朝不同均衡状态调整,甚至出现相反的变化趋势,部分时段出现了平滩流量随尾闾河长增加而增加的“异常”现象,这与沿程和溯源冲淤的协同作用及滞后响应机制有关,说明平滩流量不是由单一因素决定的,而是受多种因素在长时段的趋势性与波动变化的综合影响.By analyzing the water and sediment conditions and bed degradation and aggradation of the Lower Yellow River from 1950 to 2021,we studied the complex relationship of bankfull discharge and water and sediment discharge,riverbed boundary and base level conditions in different periods.It is found that the bankfull discharge has a good positive and negative relationship with the 4-year-moving-average water discharge and sediment incoming coefficient in the flood season,respectively.They are the main factors of the bankfull discharge.Bankfull discharge is negatively related with the accumulative sedimentation volume per kilometer,and positively relevant to the median diameter of river bed,respectively,which reflects the internal relationship between the bankfull discharge and channel boundary.Bankfull discharge has a good negative relationship with the water level of the same discharge at Lijin and the river length at the estuary,which reflects the effect of the estuary condition.Since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir,the Lower Yellow River has been obviously coarsened and the scouring efficiency reduced,resulting in a slow increasing rate of bankfull discharge.Overall,the bankfull discharge is well related with different factors in the same period,but it adjusts towards different equilibrium states and even changes in opposite trends in different periods.Sometimes the bankfull discharge“abnormally”increases with the lengthening of the tail river due to the coupling effects of retrogressive and aggressive erosion and deposition processes and the delayed response of river evolution.This shows that the bankfull discharge is not determined by a single factor,but is comprehensively affected the long-term change trends and fluctuation of multiple factors.

关 键 词：黄河下游 平滩流量 来水来沙 河床冲淤 侵蚀基准面 河口延伸 

分 类 号：TV142[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]