覆盖型岩溶区地面塌陷灾变规律与影响因素  

Law of Ground Collapse and Its Influencing Factors in Covered Karst Areas

作　　者：杨磊[1] 张耀磊 宋光啸 覃剑文 潘光明 YANG Lei;ZHANG Yaolei;SONG Guangxiao;QIN Jianwen;PAN Guangming(Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center,Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China;Jinan Design Institute of China Railway Engineering Design and Consulting Group Co.,Ltd,Jinan 250022,China;Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Geological Environment Monitoring Station,Guigang 537100,China;The Four Exploration Team of Shandong Bureau of Coal Geology,Weifang 261206,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学岩土与结构工程研究中心,山东济南250061 [2]中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司济南设计院,山东济南250022 [3]广西壮族自治区地质环境监测站,广西贵港537100 [4]山东省煤田地质局第四勘探队,山东潍坊261200

出　　处：《应用基础与工程科学学报》2025年第1期192-204,共13页Journal of Basic Science and Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(51979153)。

摘　　要：覆盖型岩溶区地面塌陷灾害频发、危害巨大,开展塌陷灾变规律与影响因素研究是进行灾害预警与防控的基本前提.基于岩溶塌陷灾变模拟试验,研究了岩溶构造尺寸、地下水位变化幅度和上覆土层厚度对单岩溶构造致塌规律的影响,分析了塌陷过程中上覆土层的变形特征,总结了相邻岩溶构造联合致塌模式,提出了相邻岩溶构造尺寸与间距对土洞发育及联合致塌过程的影响规律.研究表明:岩溶构造尺寸、水位变化幅度与土洞发育规模及速率呈正相关关系,而上覆土层厚度增大有利于提升土洞的稳定性并降低岩溶塌陷风险;土洞发育致塌过程中上覆土体主要发生沉降变形,沉降量及变形速率与岩溶构造尺寸、上覆土层厚度密切相关;多个下伏岩溶构造易诱发群塌灾害,相邻岩溶构造的联合致塌模式可分为不连通、弱连通和强连通3种基本类型,而相邻构造联合致塌过程可分为土洞快速发育阶段、土洞稳定发展阶段和相邻土洞连通致塌阶段;相邻岩溶构造尺寸与间距对联合致塌模式具有显著影响,岩溶构造尺寸越大,相邻土洞之间的连通时机明显提前,当岩溶构造间距小于其直径的40%时,易发生连通型塌陷,而当构造间距大于其直径的80%时,相邻土洞独立发展,呈不连通型塌陷模式.Ground collapse disasters occur frequently in covered karst areas and cause enormous harm.Studying the law of ground collapse and its influencing factors is a fundamental prerequisite for disaster warning and control.The laboratory simulation test of karst collapse was conducted to study the influences of karst structures opening size,groundwater-level variation amplitude and overlying soil thickness on the law of ground collapse caused by a single karst structure,and the deformation characteristics of overlying soil during ground collapse were analyzed.The joint collapse modes caused byadjacent karst structures were summarized,and the influences of the karst structures opening size and spacing on the soil caves development and the joint collapse were proposed.The experimental results indicate that the karst structures opening size and groundwater-level variation amplitude have a positive correlation with the development scale and rate of soil cave,and the increase of overlying soil thickness is beneficial for improving the stability of the soil cave and reducing the risk of karst collapse.The settlement deformation of overlying soil occurs during the soil cave development process,and the settlement amount and deformation rate are closely related to the karst structure size and overlying soil thickness.Multiple underlying karst structures are easy to induce joint collapse,the modes of which can be divided into the independent type,the weakly connected type and the strongly connected type,and the joint collapse process can be divided into the rapid development,the stable development and the joint collapse stages.As the opening size of adjacent karst structures increases,the time for adjacent soil caves to connect becomes shorter.When the spacing between karst structures is less than 40%of its diameter,the connected collapse type is easily to occur,and when the spacing between karst structures is more than 80%of its diameter,the adjacent soil caves develop independently.

关 键 词：岩溶地面塌陷 灾变规律 土洞发育 影响因素 土层变形 相邻岩溶构造 联合致塌 

分 类 号：P642.26[天文地球—工程地质学]