土壤质地和滴头流量对地下滴灌土壤水分运移特征的影响  

Influence of soil texture and drip emitter flow rate on soil water movement under subsurface drip irrigation

作　　者：贾明磊 魏飒 刘帆 张玉翠 沈彦俊[1,3] JIA Minglei;WEI Sa;LIU Fan;ZHANG Yucui;SHEN Yanjun(College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China;Hebei Provin-cial Academy of Water Resources Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050057,China;Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Institute of Genet-ics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving,Shijiazhuang 050022,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院,兰州730070 [2]河北省水利科学研究院,石家庄050057 [3]中国科学院遗传与发育,生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省节水农业重点实验室,石家庄050022

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报(中英文)》2025年第4期749-758,共10页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1900801);国家自然科学基金项目(41930865,42171023,42201052);河北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(D2021503001);河北省创新能力提升计划项目(24467001D)资助。

摘　　要：地下滴灌是一种局部灌溉方式,灌溉水经由滴头在土壤中形成湿润体的过程对作物生长用水至关重要。根据土壤质地、滴头流量和土壤含水率等因素选择适宜的灌溉参数,能够避免灌溉过量或不足。本研究以壤土、砂土和黏土3种质地土壤为研究对象,设置地下滴灌滴头埋深为30 cm,对0.39 L·h^(−1)、0.90 L·h^(−1)和1.38 L·h^(−1)流量下土壤湿润锋的变化规律进行观测。结果表明,不同土壤类型含水量变化对不同滴头流量的响应存在差异,壤土和砂土在高流量下更易形成规律的湿润体,而黏土则受到滞水效应的影响,在低流量时表现出明显的滞水特性。不同土壤质地对水分运移的影响也有所不同,砂土中湿润锋垂直向下运移距离最大,但垂直向上运移距离为15~20 cm,比壤土小,运移能力较低;黏土中水分运移所受阻力最大,因此在各方向运移距离最短,但变化持续时间最长;壤土中水分运移距离在水平和垂直向下方向上均处于居中水平,垂直向上运移距离最大,说明壤土中水分向上的传输能力最强,该土壤类型相对砂土和黏土更适合30 cm左右埋深的地下滴灌。对于同一质地而言,砂土和壤土中湿润锋在3个方向的运移速率均随滴头流量的增加而增大;黏土水分湿润锋在水平和垂直向下方向运移速率随滴头流量在6%~10%之间变化,相对其他土壤质地变化程度较小,说明黏土水分湿润锋运移在这两个方向上受流量影响较小,但其垂直向上方向运移速率随滴头流量增加先降低再增加,且降低幅度远高于增加幅度,说明较低流量更有利于黏土水分向上运移。在3种土壤质地和3种滴头流量下,随着入渗时间的延长,湿润锋的运移速率总体呈逐渐减缓的趋势;随滴灌流量的增加,湿润锋在水平方向与垂直向上方向的运移距离之比相应增大,说明流量增加相对于土壤水分向上运移来说更有利于促进Subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)has emerged as one of the most effective methods for achieving efficient water-saving cultivation in agriculture.Considering that SDI is a localized irrigation method,the formation of a wetting front in the soil created by water applied via drip emitters is crucial for effective crop water uptake.Selecting appropriate irrigation parameters based on soil texture,emitter discharge,soil moisture content,and other factors can help avoid over-or under-irrigation.However,previous studies have lacked systematic research on the combined effects of soil texture,emitter flow rate,and emitter depth.Therefore,this study focused on three soil textures—loam,sandy soil,and clay—using drip emitters at a depth of 30 cm,with three flow rates:0.39 L∙h^(−1)(low flow rate),0.90 L∙h^(−1)(medium flow rate),and 1.38 L∙h^(−1)(high flow rate),to observe changes in the soil wetting front.The results indicated that different soil types exhibited varying responses to changes in moisture content under different drip emitter flow rates.Loam and sandy soils tended to form regular wetting patterns at the high flow rate,whereas clay,because of its water retention properties,exhibited obvious water retention characteristics at the low flow rate.The influence of soil texture on water movement also varied.In sandy soil,the wetting front exhibited the greatest downward migration distances,while the upward migration distance was approximately 15−20 cm,which was smaller than that in loam,indicating lower migration capacity.In clay,the resistance to water movement was the highest,resulting in the shortest migration distances in all directions,although the duration of water movement was the longest.In loam,the horizontal and downward migration distances were intermediate,whereas the upward migration distance was the greatest,indicating that loam had the strongest upward water transmission capability.This suggested that loam was more suitable for SDI with a burial depth of approximately 30 cm than sandy or

关 键 词：地下滴灌 土壤质地 滴头流量 湿润锋 土壤水分运移规律 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程]