理性观视野中的人类合作行为  

Human Cooperative Behavior in the Perspective of Rationality

作　　者：刘永芳[1] 许科[2] 尚雪松 Liu Yongfang;Xu Ke;Shang Xuesong(Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science,East China Normal University,Shanghai,200062;School of Management,Shanghai University,Shanghai,200444;Mental Health Education Center,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,450001)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院,上海市心理健康和危机干预重点实验室,上海200062 [2]上海大学管理学院,上海200444 [3]郑州大学心理健康教育中心,郑州450001

出　　处：《心理科学》2025年第2期425-434,共10页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究规划项目(22YJA190008);青年基金项目(23YJC190019);国家社会科学基金一般项目(24BGL156)的资助。

摘　　要：以往关于人类合作行为的研究多集中在人性假设和人们是否愿意合作的问题上,对理性假设和人们能否合作的问题关注较少。在全面回顾和分析历史上理性和非理性合作行为理论基础上,文章提出了有限理性合作观,认为合作是一种有限理性的社会决策过程,其本质是理解和处理自我-他人(包括集体和社会)之间的利害关系。基于此种观点,论证了以下三个论断:(1)合作决策是基于有限理性的启发式过程;(2)心智成本最小化是合作决策的重要目标之一;(3)合作决策是一个平衡利益和心智成本的有限认知过程。该观点刻画了人类合作行为的真实图景,不仅对于更好地理解人类合作行为本质具有重要理论意义,而且对于破解现实生活中的合作困境具有实践指导价值。Previous research on human cooperative behavior has mostly focused on the hypothesis of human nature and whether people are willing to cooperate,with relatively less attention paid to the rational hypothesis and whether people can cooperate.Based on a comprehensive review and analysis of cooperative behavior theories from both rational and irrational perspectives in history,this article proposes and argues for the bounded rationality cooperative view,with the aim of enhancing or deepening the understanding of human cooperative behavior.The study of human cooperative behavior from a fully rational perspective originated from the concept of"rational economic man"in classical economics,and was later systematized by neoclassical economics,ultimately forming a theoretical system with rich connotations.Rational economic agents are fully rational individuals in the instrumental sense,possessing stable and orderly preferences,complete information,and impeccable computational power.They will perform conscious and rational calculations in a logical and systematic manner to obtain a complete sequence of preferences and subjective probability distributions of future outcomes,and then choose the behavior that best satisfies their preferences among all behaviors,in order to maximize their personal interests.Based on this viewpoint,researchers have explored the complex cognitive processes of cooperative behavior from different perspectives such as rational decision-making,cognitive judgment,and risk assessment.The study of cooperative behavior from an irrational perspective comes from disciplines such as biology and sociology,which view cooperation as a social behavior that individuals would not choose to engage in if they were making purely rational analyses and calculations.People expect something to happen and take action based on that expectation,and they understand that if it does not happen as they expected,the loss brought by this action will be greater than the benefit brought by it happening as expected.Therefore,coope

关 键 词：合作行为 理性 非理性 有限理性 

分 类 号：C912.1[经济管理]