“民生”何以成“权”?  

What Makes the Need for“Livelihood”a“Right”?

作　　者：胡玉鸿 Hu Yuhong

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学人权研究院,上海201620

出　　处：《法律科学(西北政法大学学报)》2025年第2期3-17,共15页Science of Law:Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(21&ZD190)“习近平法治思想中的民生保障理论研究”;国家社科基金重点项目(20AZD028)“健全社会公平正义法治保障制度研究”;南京师范大学中国法治现代化研究院资助项目。

摘　　要：人们在生存、生活、生计上的民生需求,最终需要通过民生权的形态为人们的生存、发展提供助力。民生需求之所以要通过权利的形式加以固定,根本在于人具有正当生存的资格,这是人权理论和人权制度所要明确的首要问题。只有确立每个人都有存活于世间的资格,才能为民生提供基本的前提和基础,生命权也因之成为人权谱系中的最高人权。民生需求能够转换成为民生权利,还源于民生需求的普遍性因应着权利的平等性、民生需求的广泛性,需要多样的权利来加以保障,民生需求的现实性也必须因应权利的物质制约性。就个人的民生过程以及社会整体的民生建设而言,脆弱性是其难以回避的难题。无论是自然因素还是社会因素,都影响着人们的民生维系和民生质量。为此,民生权利不但应当是不受阻碍的消极权利,还必须是由国家予以帮助、支持的积极权利。在此,国家应当履行维系和保障民生的责任,既为全体社会成员的民生福祉提供助力,也为处于劣势地位的社会弱者提供兜底救助。People’s needs regarding subsistence,life,and livelihood should be enshrined as the right to people’s livelihood to provide help for their survival and development.Whether people have the righteous qualification to live is the primary issue of human rights theory and the human rights system,and it is also why we transfer people’s need for livelihood into the right to people’s livelihood.Only by confirming everyone has the right to life can it provide the premise and foundation for people’s livelihood.Therefore,the right to life is the highest human right in the human rights spectrum.People’s livelihood needs can be transformed into people’s livelihood rights also stems from the fact that the universality of livelihood needs corresponds to the equality of rights,the extensiveness of livelihood needs required to be guaranteed by diverse rights,and the reality that livelihood needs are subject to material constraints.In terms of the livelihood process of individuals and the livelihood construction of the whole society,vulnerability is an unavoidable problem.Both natural factors and social factors affect people’s livelihood and their quality of life.Therefore,the right to people’s livelihood should not only be negative rights but also positive rights which the state should act actively.Here,the state should fulfil its responsibility to maintain and protect people’s livelihood,provide support for the well-being of all members of society and a safety net for the vulnerable.

关 键 词：民生 权利 民生权 生存权 社会权 

分 类 号：D911.01[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]