英国法治与德国法治国的历史及其启示  

The History of English Rule of Law and German Rechtsstaat with Its Inspiration

作　　者：雷磊[1] Lei Lei

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《法律科学(西北政法大学学报)》2025年第2期18-30,共13页Science of Law:Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：2021年度教育部哲学社会科学研究后期资助重大项目(21JHQ012)“时代镜像中的法理学研究”。

摘　　要：英国的法治观念及其实践通过诉诸普通法的司法传统,始终追随着限制国家(君主)权力和保护公民(臣民)权利这两个基本目标。而德国的法治国观念源于对警察国的反对,主要是从政府实践中的威权主义与自由主义之间的冲突中逐渐发展起来的,并经历了从形式法治国到实质法治国的实践发展。无论法治还是法治国的内涵都不是一成不变的,都随着历史语境的变迁而发展。因此,“法治”是一个具有“家族相似性”的概念,法治的观念和实践总是与民族国家的国情和所处的历史阶段相关。但任何法治国家都必须坚守最低限度的法治思想,即规则之治及其所蕴含的安全、自由、平等等价值。一个国家的法治进程,既要遵循法治的一般规律,也要符合本国实际。The British conception of rule of law and its practice,through resorting to the judicial tradition of common law,have always followed two basic goals of restricting the power of the state(monarch)and protecting the rights of citizens(subjects).The German conception of Rechtsstaat originated from opposition to the police-state(Polizeistaat),developed mainly from the conflict between authoritarianism and liberalism in government practice,and has experienced ever changes in practical from a formal Rechtsstaat to a substantive Rechtsstaat.Neither the rule of law nor the Rechtsstaat are invariable,both of which develop with the change of historical surroundings.Therefore,“rule of law”is a concept with“family resemblance”.The conception and practice of rule of law are always related to the national conditions of a certain nation-state and its location within the historical stage.However,any country under the rule of law must adhere to a minimum idea of rule of law,that is,rule of rules,and the values of security,freedom,and equality contained in it.The process of rule of law in a country must not only follow the general laws of the rule of law,but also conform to the actual situation of this country.

关 键 词：法治 法治国 民族国家 历史语境 规则之治 

分 类 号：D902[政治法律—法学理论]