从法律结构上区分“标的”与“原因”对合同效力的影响  

The Effect on the Validity of Contracts of the Distinction between“Subject Matte”and“Cause”in Terms of Legal Structure

作　　者：李永军[1] Li Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学,北京100088

出　　处：《法律科学(西北政法大学学报)》2025年第2期129-139,共11页Science of Law:Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(182ZDA41)“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”。

摘　　要：我国民法理论和司法实践长期以来忽视合同的原因,经常将其与合同的标的同等对待。合同之标的与原因属于法律构造问题:标的要解决“给付什么”的问题,而原因则要解决“为什么要给付”的问题。有标的而没有原因的合同,缺少给付的正当性。因此,必须从法律构造上来区分原因与标的,才能更为清楚地分析合同的效力状态。在我国现行法律体系中,标的是否存在不属于合同效力问题,仅仅是违约问题。然而在要物合同、遗赠抚养协议中,标的物不存在则属于合同不能生效的问题。如果原因发生变化或者不存在,则会影响合同效力。标的物的缺乏也可能与重大误解、欺诈等规范竞合。我国《民法典》第464条第2款就将“婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议”排除在了合同法救济的大门之外,因为这些协议均没有债法上的“债因”(原因)。自然之债之所以不被认为是民事债权,就是因为其“原因”不被法律所承认。China’s civil law theory and judicial practice have long overlooked the reasons for contracts,often treating them equally with the subject matter of the contract.The subject matter and reasons of a contract belong to legal construction issues:the subject matter needs to solve the problem of“what to pay”,while the reasons need to solve the problem of“why to pay”.A contract with a subject matter but no reason lacks the legitimacy of payment.Without a theory of reasons for the invalidity of contracts,it is difficult to consistently and systematically determine the validity of contracts from a systemic perspective.Therefore,it is necessary to distinguish between cause and object from the perspective of legal structure in order to analyze the effectiveness status of the contract more clearly.In the current legal system in our country,the existence of the subject matter is not a matter of contract validity,but only a matter of breach of contract.However,in property contracts and inheritance and upbringing agreements,the absence of the subject matter constitutes a problem where the contract cannot take effect.If the reason changes or does not exist,it will affect the effectiveness of the contract.The lack of the subject matter may also compete with significant misunderstandings,fraud,and other regulations.The second paragraph of Article 464 of the Civil Code of our country excludes“agreements related to identity relationships such as marriage,adoption,guardianship,etc.”from the door of contract law remedies,because these agreements do not have any“cause of debt”(reasons)in debt law.The reason why natural debts are not considered civil debts is because their“reasons”are not recognized by law.

关 键 词：标的 原因 违约责任 合同解除 要物合同 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]