碳酸岩成岩成矿作用熔体包裹体研究进展综述  

A review of advances in melt inclusion studies on petrogenesis and mineralization of carbonatites

作　　者：白杨[1] 宋文磊 杨金昆 许丹妮 宋来阳 徐扬 BAI Yang;SONG WenLei;YANG JinKun;XU DanNi;SONG LaiYang;XU Yang(State Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life,Department of Geology,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,Shaanxi,China;Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey(Central South China Innovation Center for Geosciences),Wuhan 430205,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学地质学系大陆演化与早期生命全国重点实验室,陕西西安710069 [2]中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心(中南地质科技创新中心),湖北武汉430205

出　　处：《矿床地质》2025年第2期389-412,共24页Mineral Deposits

基　　金：国家自然科学基金科研项目(编号:42473074、42273070)资助。

摘　　要：幔源碳酸岩能够提供地幔长期演化和地球深部碳循环的信息,同时蕴藏着丰富的稀土、铌、磷和氟等战略性关键金属和非金属资源。由于碳酸岩粘度很低且极富挥发分,在侵位过程中通常伴随着强烈的结晶分异作用和岩浆期后热液蚀变,岩浆过程的完整信息很难被保存下来。熔体包裹体是破解碳酸岩初始岩浆组成及其演化的有效手段。文章简述了碳酸岩的基本特征和熔体包裹体的研究方法,重点综述了熔体包裹体在碳酸岩成岩成矿作用中的研究进展。包裹体研究表明,碳酸岩可以由富CO_(2)碱性硅酸岩熔体的分离结晶和碳酸盐-硅酸盐熔体液态不混溶作用形成;其初始熔体富碱,侵位过程中发生碱丢失,形成地表常见的贫碱碳酸岩。碳酸盐-(硅酸盐)-多相盐类熔体的不混溶作用是形成碳酸岩岩性多样化的重要原因之一。钙、碱及CO_(2)等挥发分的含量影响上述不混溶作用的进行和区间的大小。REE等元素在两相或多相不混溶过程中优先进入到碳酸盐或磷酸盐熔体,影响碳酸岩的地球化学特征和成矿潜力。熔体包裹体在探究碳酸岩熔体组成并反演岩浆演化和成矿过程具有非常大的优势,值得重点关注。Mantle-derived carbonatites provide insights into the long-term evolution of the mantle and the deep carbon cycle of the Earth while also harboring abundant strategic critical metals and non-metal resources such as rare earth elements,niobium,phosphorus,and fluorine.Due to their low viscosity and high volatile content,carbonatites typically undergo intense fractional crystallization and post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration during emplacement,making preserving information about the magmatic processes difficult.Study on melt inclusions is an effective way to decipher carbonatite's initial composition and evolution.This article briefly describes the basic characteristics of carbonatites and the research methods of melt inclusions,focusing on reviewing the advancements in the study of melt inclusions in the petrogenesis and mineralization of carbonatites.Inclusion studies indicate carbonatites can form by fractional crystallization of CO_(2)-rich alkaline silicate melts and liquid immiscibility of carbonate-silicate melts.Their initial melts are alkali-rich,and alkali loss occurs during emplacement,forming alkali-poor carbonatites.The immiscibility of carbonate-(silicate)-multiphase saline melts is an important reason for the diversity of carbonatite lithologies.The content of volatiles such as calcium,alkalis,and CO_(2)affects the extent and range of the aforementioned immiscibility processes.Elements like rare earth elements(REE)preferentially enter carbonate or phosphate melts during two-phase or multiphase immiscibility,influencing the geochemical characteristics and mineral potential of carbonatites.Melt inclusions offer significant advantages in exploring the composition of carbonatite melts and retracing magmatic evolution and mineralization processes,and thus,they deserve focused attention.

关 键 词：碳酸岩 熔体包裹体 分离结晶 液态不混溶 岩浆成因演化 成矿作用 

分 类 号：P618.42[天文地球—矿床学]