秸秆基质块超高密度育秧对水稻毯苗素质及机插适应性的影响  

Effects of high-density seedling cultivation with crop straw boards on rice blanket seedling morpho-physiology and adaptability to mechanical transplanting

作　　者：凌宇飞 胡群 夏宇欣 张凯溦 付第慧 冯源 许方甫 李光彦 邢志鹏 高辉 魏海燕 张洪程 LING Yufei;HU Qun;XIA Yuxin;ZHANG Kaiwei;FU Dihui;FENG Yuan;XU Fangfu;LI Guangyan;XING Zhipeng;GAO Hui;WEI Haiyan;ZHANG Hongcheng(Rice Industry Engineering Technology Research Institute,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology for Grain Crops,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Industrial Engineering Research Center of High-Quality Japonica Rice,Yangzhou 225009,China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院,扬州225009 [2]江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心,扬州225009 [3]江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室,扬州225009 [4]江苏省优质粳稻产业工程研究中心,扬州225009

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2025年第7期22-35,共14页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2300502);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022338);江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX[23]3107);国家水稻产业技术体系项目(CARS-01);江苏水稻产业技术体系项目(JATS[2023]443);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(RAPD);江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX23_3569)。

摘　　要：传统毯苗育秧方法因育秧土自重大、人力需求量大及机插作业对秧盘数量需求高等问题,限制了机插水稻的推广与应用。为应对这些问题,该研究采用轻质的秸秆基质块代替育秧土,并通过高密度播种降低人工依赖,探索超高密度育秧条件下其对秧苗生长、机插性能、产量及经济效益的影响。以粳稻南粳5718为试验材料,设置传统播种密度(D1:150 g/盘)和4种高密度处理(D2:200 g/盘;D3:250 g/盘;D4:300 g/盘;D5:350 g/盘),以及4个秧龄梯度(A1:10 d;A2:15 d;A3:20 d;A4:25 d)。结果表明,随秧龄增长,D2至D5处理的秧苗素质呈下降趋势;但在较短秧龄(A1和A2)时,其可溶性糖含量、根系活力和发根力均接近或超过传统密度秧龄的组合(D1A3)。与D1相比,D2至D5处理的机插缺穴率降低了19.78%~60.26%,虽然伤秧率增加了32.25%~242.90%,但漂秧率和翻倒率分别降低了15.01%~50.55%和17.53%~45.44%。此外,高密度处理的单位面积秧盘用量相比D1处理减少了12.12%~58.98%,并在短秧龄条件下实现高产。其中,D4A2组合表现最佳,连续两年产量分别达到10.69和10.65 t/hm^(2),并获得最高经济收益32085.32和31967.25元/hm^(2)。综上所述,秸秆基质块超高密度育秧在短秧龄条件下,具有较好的秧苗素质和机插质量,通过减少秧盘用量可节省育秧用工并提升整体经济效益。Mechanical transplanting has been limited to the blanket seedling cultivation,due to the heavy weight of seedling substrates,high labor intensity,and the large number of seedling trays.In this study,the high-density seeding was employed to replace the conventional seedling soil with the lightweight crop straw boards.The mechanic transplanting was then enhanced the seedling quality and transplanting performance.The labor inputs were also reduced to promote the rice blanket seedling.The japonica rice cultivar‘Nanjing 5718’was taken as the test material.A conventional seeding density(D1:150 g/tray)was evaluated under four high-density treatments(D2:200 g/tray;D3:250 g/tray;D4:300 g/tray;and D5:350 g/tray)and four seedling ages(A1:10 d;A2:15 d;A3:20 d;and A4:25 d).The investigation focused mainly on the seedling growth,physiological attributes,mechanical transplanting quality,yield,and economic returns.Results indicated that the key indicators of seedling quality—such as the soluble sugar content,root activity,and rooting ability—declined with increasing seedling age under high-density treatments(D2–D5).These indices were even better at the shorter seedling ages(10 and 15 days)than those of the conventional combination(D1A3).The high-density seeding was integrated with the vigor in the early growth stage,when the seedlings relied primarily on the nutrient reserves in the endosperm,together with the lower demands for the light and temperature.The higher activities of protective enzymes were observed under high density at 15 days,including the superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),indicating the enhanced stress tolerance;Whereas,the malondialdehyde(MDA)content was signified to heighten the oxidative stress,with the longer seedling ages,due to the intensified competition for the limited nutrients.Furthermore,the missing hill rate in the high-density treatments decreased by 19.78%–60.26%,compared with the conventional D1 treatment,thus leading to the more uniform pattern of mechanical transplanting.Alt

关 键 词：秸秆基质块 毯苗素质 机插质量 产量 经济效益 无人化 机插秧 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]