历史的起点:《史记》中的时间设置及其意义  

The Beginning of History:Time Setting in Records of the Grand Historian and Its Significance

作　　者：徐建委[1] Xu Jianwei(School of Liberal Arts,Renmin University of China,Beijing100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院,北京100872

出　　处：《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期117-127,共11页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：《史记》里的宏观时间结构主要表现在三个秦朝以前的年表中。在年表里,司马迁将西周的历史以共和元年为界裁为两截:一截入《三代世表》,未予编年;一截入《十二诸侯年表》,开始纪年,并与汉元年建立了岁岁相接的年代关联。共和元年是他刻意选择的“历史起点”。这一年之前是周衰前的“古代史”,而之后则是周衰至汉兴的“近代史”。《史记》是以“汉兴”为题眼,以“近代史”为主的历史。其时间设置因此具有指示周汉相继的象征意义。《史记》中的象征性理解历史的方式源自《左传》,从《左传》历史的起点和终点的叙事中,我们已经可以看出其事件的指示意义。清华简《系年》的出现说明此种类型的历史写作出现于公元前400年前后。与《春秋》和《左传》相比,《史记》赋予了时间以独特的叙事功能,让时间具有了展现历史演变的意义。The macro-temporal structure in Records of the Grand Historian(《史记》)was primarily manifested in three chronological tables predating the Qin Dynasty.In these tables,Sima Qian(司马迁)divided the history of the Zhou Dynasty into two parts with the first year of the reign of Gongbohe(841 BCE,共和元年)as the demarcation point.The first part was incorporated into The Chronicle of the Three Dynasties(《三代世表》)without chronological organization,while the second part was incorporated into The Chronological Table of the Twelve Feudal Lords(《十二诸侯年表》),where systematic chronology was started and substantive chronological connection was made in the first year of the Han Dynasty(206 BCE,汉元年).The period before this demarcation represented the“ancient history”prior to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty,while the period afterward constituted the“modern history”spanning from the fall of the Zhou Dynasty to the rise of the Han Dynasty.Records of the Grand Historian was fundamentally a history centered on the“rise of Han”,with its temporal framework symbolizing the succession from Zhou to Han.This symbolic approach to historical interpretation in Records of the Grand Historian was originated from Zuozhuan(《左传》).The narrative of the beginning and ending of history in Zuozhuan already revealed the indicative significance of its events.The Series of Years(《系年》)in the collection of bamboo slips from Tsinghua University demonstrates that such modes of historical writing emerged around 400 BCE.Compared with Spring and Autumn Annals(《春秋》)and Zuozhuan,Records of the Grand Historian endowed time with a unique narrative function,allowing it to signify historical evolution.

关 键 词：史记 历史的起止 象征性时间 共和元年 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]