功能微生物对花生根际土壤生物学肥力和养分利用的影响  

Effect of functional microorganism on rhizosphere soil biological fertility and nutrient utilization

作　　者：司贤宗[1] 张翔[1] 索炎炎[1] 李亮[1] 徐凤丹 李倩 闫萌 程培军 周彦忠 李飞 李南 王旭浩 SI Xian-zong;ZHANG Xiang;SUO Yan-yan;LI Liang;XU Feng-dan;LI Qian;YAN Meng;CHENG Pei-jun;ZHOU Yan-zhong;LI Fei;LI Nan;WANG Xu-hao(Institute of Plant Nutrition,Resource and Environment,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450002,China;Luohe Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Luohe 462000,China;Suiping Agriculture Technology Extension Station,Suiping 463100,China;Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhumadian 463001,China)

机构地区：[1]河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,河南郑州450002 [2]漯河市农业科学院,河南漯河462000 [3]遂平县农业技术推广站,河南遂平463100 [4]驻马店市农业科学院,河南驻马店463001

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2025年第2期443-449,共7页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2022HENZDB02);国家花生产业技术体系养分管理岗位(CARS-13);河南省花生产业技术体系高产栽培岗位(HARS-22-05-G2);河南省农业科学院创新团队(2023TD09)。

摘　　要：为消减花生连作土壤障碍,服务花生优质高产,研究功能微生物对花生根际土壤生物学肥力和养分利用的影响。采用大田随机区组设计试验,研究了哈茨木霉菌、淡紫拟青霉菌、米曲霉3种真菌和枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌2种细菌对根际土壤微生物、酶活性、微生物碳、微生物氮、微生物磷和花生仁中养分、花生农艺性状及荚果产量的影响,旨在为砂姜黑土区夏花生科学施用微生物菌剂及发挥土壤生物肥力提供科学依据。结果表明,施用功能微生物增加了花生根际土壤中真菌、细菌的数量,降低放线菌数量;提高花生根际土壤中微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量磷的含量;增加花生根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶的活性;提高花生仁中氮、磷、钾、锌的含量;增加花生主茎高、侧枝长、侧枝数、饱果数,降低秕果数;施用功能微生物的花生荚果产量增加252.5~480.4 kg/hm^(2),增产率为5.1%~9.6%,其中,施用真菌微生物的荚果产量比细菌微生物肥料平均增加153.9 kg/hm^(2),增产率为3.0%。本试验条件下,在氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)施用量为120 kg/hm^(2)、90 kg/hm^(2)、120 kg/hm^(2)的基础上,施用功能微生物75 kg/hm^(2),花生荚果产量平均增加349.6 kg/hm^(2),增产率为7.0%,其中,施用哈茨木霉菌75 kg/hm^(2)的花生荚果产量最高,为5464.2 kg/hm^(2),可在夏花生主产区推广应用。To alleviate soil obstacles caused by continuous peanut cropping and to improve peanut yield and quality,impacts of functional microorganisms were investigated on biological fertility and nutrient utilization in peanut rhizosphere soil in vertisol soil area.Effects of 3 fungi(Trichoderma harcii,Paecilomyces lilacinus,Aspergillus oryzae)and 2 bacteria(Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus licheniformis)were studied on microbial content,enzyme activity,microbial carbon,microbial nitrogen,microbial phosphorus in rhizosphere soil,nutrient in peanut kernel,agronomic characteristics and peanut pod yield by field experiment randomized block design.Results showed that,functional microorganism could increase quantity of fungi and bacteria,decrease quantity of actinomycetes;increase quantity of microbial biomass carbon,microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus;increase activities of catalase,phosphatase,urease,protease and sucrase in rhizosphere soil;increase content of N,P,K and Zn in peanut kernel;increase main stem height,lateral branch length,lateral branch amount,full pod amount;reduce the number of no full pod.Pod yield of peanut increased by 252.5-480.4 kg/hm^(2),resulting in a 5.1%-9.6% increase in production.Compared with applied bacterial fertilizer,application of fungi increased pod yield by 153.9 kg/hm^(2) on average,resulting in a 3.0% increase in production.With the application of 120 kg/hm^(2) N,90 kg/hm^(2) P2O5,and 120 kg/hm^(2) K2O as a base,applying functional microorganisms at a rate of 75 kg/hm^(2),the average yield of peanut pods increased by 349.6 kg/hm^(2),with a yield increase rate of 7.0%.Moreover,pod yield reached its highest at 5464.2 kg/hm^(2) at Trichoderma harzianum application of 75 kg/hm^(2),which should be recommended in the main producing areas for summer peanut.

关 键 词：花生 功能微生物 根际土壤生物学肥力 养分利用 产量 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学] S156.2