羁縻制度的流变与中国古代边疆治理模式的变迁  

The Jimi System and the Evolution of Frontier Governance in Ancient China

作　　者：何俊 朱忆天 He Jun;Zhu Yitian

机构地区：[1]上海市教育科学研究院上海学生安全教育研究中心,上海200032 [2]华东理工大学华东社会发展研究所,上海200237

出　　处：《中州学刊》2025年第4期133-142,共10页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

摘　　要：羁縻制度作为中国古代边疆治理的重要制度之一,深刻塑造了边疆治理模式的转型路径,对研究中国古代边疆治理模式具有十分重要的价值。自秦汉魏晋时期始,统治者所面临的边疆治理困境与军事压力推动羁縻制度的兴起,这一时期以“道”“属国制”“左郡左县”为核心的羁縻制度作为边疆地区的治理模式,通过授予少数民族首领官职、允许世袭统治、保留地方习俗、实行“流官—外族官”双轨制等,既充分利用少数民族武装巩固边防,又通过屯戍制度强化军事控制,体现了中国古代边疆治理“因俗而治”、借力共治、协同安边等特征。唐宋时期,唐代统治者广泛设立都护府、都督府以及羁縻州县,提升了对边疆地区的管理效能。宋代统治者进一步将羁縻下辖地方细化至“峒”,形成了“羁縻州府制”,使得羁縻制度得以进一步发展和完善。“华官参治”“依律处置”以及“收取贡赋”等具体措施有利推动了边疆治理规模的扩大和边疆政治认同,强化了边疆少数民族与中原王朝的经济文化融合,助力了中国多元一体格局的演进。宋以后,边疆与中原地区的政治经济文化一体化,削弱了羁縻制度的存续基础。元代推行“华夷一体”理念,设行省、宣慰司等直接管理机构,并通过驿站网络和儒学传播加速边疆内地化。明承元制,完善土司土官制度并推行卫所驻军,形成卫所与土司共治的双轨制。至清代,随着“改土归流”的全面实施,土司世袭特权被废除,边疆治理彻底转向中央直接管理,羁縻制度至此退出了历史舞台。然而,羁縻制度的退出并不意味着该制度的失败,而是代表着中国古代边疆治理历经近一千五百年的发展,有效地缩小了边疆和内地之间的经济、社会、文化差距,使两者融合为紧密相连、不可分割的一个整体,其历史价值不仅在于维系多民族国家统The Jimi System(a“loose rein”policy of indirect governance),a cornerstone of ancient China’s frontier administration,reshaped the trajectory of frontier governance models.Its institutional innovations held crucial value for understanding the historical logic of China’s ethnic integration and territorial consolidation.Emerging during the Qin-Han-Wei-Jin eras amid military and administrative pressures,early Jimi frameworks like dao(frontier circuits),shuguo(tributary vassal states),and Zuojun Zuoxian(semi-autonomous frontier prefectures)combined hereditary chieftain titles,cultural autonomy,and a dual bureaucracy(“central-appointed and indigenous officials”).This system strategically co-opted ethnic militias via the Tuntian Garrison System(military-agrarian colonies)while practicing adaptive governance through“custom-based rule”and collaborative border security.Tang-Song refinements expanded its scope:Tang protectorates(dudufu military-governed zones)and Song jimi zhoufu(frontier prefecture system)down to dong(valley communities)standardized co-governance(Huaguan Canzhi,Han-indigenous joint administration),legal oversight,and tributary obligations.These measures accelerated socio-cultural integration,advancing China’s“pluralistic unity”.Post-Song centralization eroded Jimi’s relevance.Yuan-Ming initiatives like provincialization(xingsheng),the Tusi System(hereditary chieftain posts),and garrison networks(weisuo,military colonies)transitioned toward direct rule.Gaitu Guiliu(bureaucratization of native offices)in the Qing Dynasty abolished hereditary privileges,marking the system’s end.The Jimi System’s 1,500-year operation bridged core-periphery disparities,enabling a shift from“differentiated control”to“integrated governance.”Its legacy lay not in permanence but in demonstrating adaptive statecraft to harmonize diversity with unity.

关 键 词：羁縻制度 羁縻府州 边疆治理 

分 类 号：K20[历史地理—历史学]